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-Warren Harding- 29th President
(Republican Party)

Businessman who promised a return to “normalcy”

Conservative economic agenda

Role of government is to make business more profitable; role = limited

Hostile to labor unions

Teapot Dome Scandal

-Calvin Coolidge -30th President
(Republican Party)

"The business of the United States is business"

Conservative

Supported prohibition

Favored payment of war debt

-Herbert Hoover-31st President
(Republican Party)

Led food admin during WWI

Businessman who criticized socialism

Supported some progressive ideas; supported labor unions; federal regulation of radio

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2. Strikes – Boston Police Strike – 1919, United Mine Workers Strike1919, and Steel Worker’s Strike 1919

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2. Strikes – Boston Police Strike – 1919, United Mine Workers Strike1919, and Steel Worker’s Strike 1919

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Boston Police Strike 1919

Unions attempt to gain power to be able to legalize

The Irish-American police force tried to unionize to gain better working conditions and raise wadges

On September 9, more than 1,100 officers went out on strike, which removed three-fourths of the force from the city’s streets.

Citizens of Boston rioted taking advantage of the lack of authority.

Mayor Andrew J. Peters sent local militia to restore order.

Calvin Coolidge decided to intervene and sum mounded the entire Massachusetts guard to stop the strike.

- Coolidge intervened to gain influence and from the public to strengthen his position as governor.
- Coolidge obtained a profile of being a strict enforcer of law and order.
- Coolidge’s strong action was soothing to a fearful public and led to his nomination for the vice presidency in 1920.

The striking policemen were not allowed to recover their jobs. The new officers were granted higher pay and additional holidays, and gained the additional benefit of free uniforms.

Showed the end of moves made by Unions

United Mine Workers Strike 1919

1st strike began in April 1919 when the Potter Coal and Coke Company failed to recognize the United Mine Workers.

In 1919, workers represented by the American Federation of Labor went on strike against the United States Steel Corporation.

workers at other companies joined the strike. Because this labor unrest eventually involved more than 350,000 workers, the walkout is known as the Great Steel Strike of 1919.

Coal miners faced a downward pressure on their standard of living which resulted from a combination of increasing prices and the wage stability provided by the Washington Agreement of 1917

Steel Worker's Strike 1919

The strike began on September 21, 1919, and collapsed on January 8, 1920.

The steel strike of 1919 was an attempt by the weakened Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers (the AA) to organize the United States steel industry in the wake of World War I.

Strike showed companies how important Unionization was for their workers

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- This was an American legal case in July 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher was accused of violating Tennessee Butler Act

- made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state funded schools. The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton Tennessee

- Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant

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8. New national culture – music (jazz) & pop culture – radio, baseball,Charles Lindbergh

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8. New national culture – music (jazz) & pop culture – radio, baseball,Charles Lindbergh

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4.Anti-immigrant feelings – immigration laws passed? Sacco Vanzetticase? What happened? Final outcome?

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4.Anti-immigrant feelings – immigration laws passed? Sacco Vanzetticase? What happened? Final outcome?

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Immigration limited to 3% of

nat. in US as of 1910 census;357k total

Literacy Test Act 1917 – said
immigrants had to read & write
a language to get in; not
necessarily English

Quota Act of 1924 – further
limited immigrants to 2% of
residents based on 1890 census;
164 total

Set immigration
limits at 150k year

Each country had
quota based on %
of pop. In US in
1920

Immigration from
Asia prohibited

Immigration from W.
hemisphere
unlimited

-Sacco Vanzetticase

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass.

The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

-What Happened?

At the worst of the Red Scare in May of 1920, police arrested two immigrants from Italy who were accused of being a part of a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts, at a factory where a security guard was killed. Although they believed that they saw violence as a suited weapon for class warfare, there was little evidence that connected them to this car.

The only evidence was of one man who said he saw Vanzetti driving the getaway car when other eyewitnesses saw a very different guy.

Disputed tests of the bullets in the guard's body could have been fired from Sacco's gun.

However, fingerprints and the stolen money did not show they were linked to the crime.

However, because of a strong atmosphere of anti-radicals and anti-immigrant fervor, their conviction was certain.

Their 1921 trial attracted a lot of attention from outside America.

There were mass protests and many movements to save their lives.

In response to this, the governor of Massachusetts made a commission of three people.

-Final Outcome

upheld the verdict and their deaths sentences so on August 23, 1927, both Sacco and Vanzetti died because of the electric chair.

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-The KKK had the anti-radical and anti-immigrant hysteria of the Red Scare that had engulfed the nation.

-The second KKK was in 1915 by William J. Simmons. Their goal was to preserve the white Protestant civilization and instigate the re-establishment of white supremacy.

-Ku Klux Klan reached at 4 to 5 million members but by 1928 its membership had dropped to a few hundred thousand members.

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-Music (Jazz) & pop culture

African American jazz culture has an amazing influence upon popular culture in the 1920s due to the availability of these recordings to white, upper middle class listeners. A New Jazz Culture: Jazz music influenced all aspects of society.

Throughout the 1920s, jazz music evolved into an integral part of American popular culture.

Fashion in the 1920s was another way in which jazz music influenced popular culture.

The Women's Liberation Movement was furthered by jazz music, as it provided means of rebellion against set standards of society.

-Radio

The Women's Liberation Movement was furthered by jazz music, as it provided means of rebellion against set standards of society.

Few people actually heard the voices and music which were produced because of the dearth of radio receivers at that time

Radio became a product of the mass market

As radio ownership increased, so did the number of radio stations

-Baseball

The most famous athlete in the United States in the 1920s was baseball star George Herman “Babe” Ruth, the right fielder for the New York Yankees.

The colorful Ruth hit more home runs than any player had ever hit before.

From breaking barriers – Jackie Robinson, Hank Aaron and Toni Stone – to breaking records – Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig and Ricky Henderson – here are the athletes that have made baseball a national treasure.

-Charles Lindbergh

Charles Augustus Lindbergh, nicknamed Lucky Lindy, The Lone Eagle, and Slim, was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist

Charles Lindbergh was a famous aviator. In 1927 he became the first man to successfully fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean. He called his airplane the Spirit of St. Louis, and his courageous feat helped make Missouri a leader in the developing world of aviation.

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As the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s, hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. became known as the Red Scare. The Red Scare led to a range of actions that had a profound and enduring effect on U.S. government and society. Federal employees were analyzed to determine whether they were sufficiently loyal to the government, and the House Un-American Activities Committee, as well as U.S. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, investigated allegations of subversive elements in the government and the Hollywood film industry. The climate of fear and repression linked to the Red Scare finally began to ease by the late 1950s.

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7. Prohibition and the rise in crime – Al Capone

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7. Prohibition and the rise in crime – Al Capone

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The Prohibition

The 18th amendment Prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol from 1920 to 1933.

The temperance movement was a large driver of this movement

Alcohol was blamed for society’s corruption at the time

Difficult to enforce

People ignored the law and the creation of speakeasies began

Crime skyrocketed

Bootlegging of alcohol became a common practice

Al Capone

A huge name in th bootlegging industry during the prohibition

terrorized gangsters until arrested for tax invasion