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Earth has a strong magnetic field which is produced as it spins on its axis. The fluid outer core allows the mantle and the crust to rotate faster than  the solid inner core. This produces a magnetic field similar to an enormous bar magnet.This magnetism exists because Earth has an iron-rich core. Rocks in the Earth's crust which contain  iron also take on this magnetism as they solidify.. Magnetic particles in the crust show that the crust must have  moved over geological time

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under the thicker continental crust, rising convection currents push the crust up into a dome, causing tension and cracking. As the crust is pulled apart, large slabs of rock sink and form rift valleys. Volcanoes appear where the magma escapes from cracks in the rift valley-

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The Earth's core is as hot as the surface of the Sun. This causes slow convection currents in the liquid mantle which result in slow movements in the plates of the Earth's crust. This is the start of the tectonic cycle. The convection currents circulating in the liquid mantle may take millions of years to rise to the surface. if currents of hot, molten rock rise under the thin oceanic crust, they form hot spots of intense volcanic activity. An example are the Hawaiian islands where magma rises to the crust surface forming Shield Volcanoes: the running basalt lava flows quickly so these volcanoes have gentle slopes.

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1. The Earth's core is made of solid iron and nickel, and is about 5000–6000oC.

1. Outer core is a liquid layer below the mantle,

2. Inner core, is the very center of the Earth. It is very hot and, due to the high pressure, it is solid.

A full explanation of these effects is not yet clear. It seems that with the increasing heat and pressure comes changes in the crystallization of minerals, so that the composition might be a kind of changing mixture of liquid and crystals.

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1. The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is made of solid rocks. It is mostly made of the lighter elements, silicon, oxygen, aluminium. Because of this, it is known as sial (silicon = Si; aluminium = Al) or felsic.

2. The mantle is the layer of the Earth right below the crust. It is made mostly of oxygen, silicon and the heavier element magnesium. It is known as sima (Si for silicon + ma for magnesium) or mafic. The mantle itself is divided into layers.

1. The uppermost part of the mantle is solid, and forms the base of the crust. It is made of the heavy rock peridotite. The continental and oceanic plates include both the crust proper and this uppermost solid layer of the mantle. Together this mass makes up the lithosphere. The lithosphere plates float on the semi-liquid aesthenosphere below.

2. Upper aesthenosphere: magma

3. Lower aesthenosphere

4. Lower mantle

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The structure of the Earth is divided into layers. These layers are both physically and chemically different. The Earth has an outer solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core, and a solid inner core.The shape of the earth is an oblate spheroid, because it is slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator

The boundaries between these layers were discovered by seismographs which showed the way vibrations bounced off the layers during earthquakes. Between the Earth's crust and the mantle is a boundary called the moho.

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THE EARTH