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-46 total chromosomes
-produces 2 new daughter cells
-

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- all sex cells
-the product of meiosis
-Meiosis 2
-haploid=half a diploid
-23 total chromosomes

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-Meiosis 1
-the product of mitosis but is split again to form haploid
-46 total chromosomes

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Unlike mitosis, the cell splits again, forming another set of haploid cells. In total, meosis produces 4 daughter cells, and mitosis only produces two.

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This has the same steps as mitosis. The cell reproduces once. Now the cell is a haploid cell(half)

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Production of gametes, or sex cells. This process has 2 parts. This is only in the germ cells of plants and animals. The number of chromosomes are half of the number of chromosomes from mitosis. Unlike mitosis producing exactly the same cell, meiosis produces genetic variation.

23 total chromosomes

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Wild type
"Normal Gene"THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE
Missense | THQ ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE
Nonsense | THE ONE BIG
Frameshift | THE ONE QBI GFL YHA DON ERE DEY
Deletion | THE ONE BIG HAD ONE RED EYE
Duplication | THE ONE BIG FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE
Insertion | THE ONE BIG WET FLY HAD ONE RED EYE

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hemoglobin makes red blood cell look like crescents decreasing oxygen uptake but increase resistance to malarial parasites.

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Gregor Mendel-inherited traits
Griffith and Avery-bacteria
Chargaff- A-T    C-G
Rosalind Franklin-molecular structures
Watson and Crick-DNA structure(double helix)
Timeline of DNA Discoveries including Cloning and Epigenetics

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Helicase
Primase
DNA Polymerase
Ligase

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In the cytoplasm: Translation
mRNA to ribosome by codon
tRNA to mRNA by anticodon
tRNA brings amino acids to form polypeptide chain

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In the cytoplasm
mRNA to ribosome by codon
tRNA to mRNA by anticodon
tRNA brings amino acids to form polypeptide chain
-the second stage of prrotein symthesis

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In the nucleus: Transcription, DNA to mRNA
-The first stage in protein synthesis

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1. Point Mutations
Substitution, Deletion, or Insertion
2. Germ or Somatic Cell mutation
3. Frameshift
4. Missense or Nonsense

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Each side goes in the opposite direction from each other

A-T      C-G

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1A) Purines: Adenine and Guanine (2-rings)
OR
1B) Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine (1-ring)
2) Phosphate
3) Deoxyribose

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A's = T's
C's = G's
-pyrimidine=C and T
-purine=A and G

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Twisted Ladder-Double helix
Rungs: N-base pairs connected by weakHydrogen bonds
Backbone: Phosphate and Deoxyribose (a sugar) connected by covalent bonds