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mixalis fountoulakis

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ΝΙΚΟΣ ΜΙΧΑΛΑΚΗΣ

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ΝΙΚΟΣ ΜΙΧΑΛΑΚΗΣ

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ΝΙΚΟΛΑΣ ΑΝΔΡΕΑΔΑΚΗΣ
ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ ΚΑΒΟΣ

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Does any-body know about the history of space travel????

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Kokolakis Minas

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Νίκος Μιχαλάκης               Νικόλας Ανδρεαδάκης            Γιώργος Κάβος

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Νίκος Μιχαλάκης               Νικόλας Ανδρεαδάκης            Γιώργος Κάβος

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(το καινουριο)

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Liana Anagnostaki and Alexandra Dretaki D1

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by liana the history of space travel (1)

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Nikos mihalakis d2

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Animals in space originally served to test the survivability of spaceflight, before human spaceflights were attempted. Later, animals were also flown to investigate various biological processes and the effects microgravity and space flight might have on them. Bioastronautics is an area of bioengineering research which spans the study and support of life in space.

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NicolasAndreadakis The first woman in space

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NicolasAndreadakis The first woman in space

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Βαλεντίνα Τερεσκόβα - Βικιπαίδεια

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Η Βαλεντίνα Τερεσκόβα γεννήθηκε στις 6 Μαρτίου 1937 στο χωριό Μασλενίκοβο, στην Περιφέρεια Γιαροσλάβλ της κεντρικής Ρωσίας. Οι γονείς της είχαν μεταναστεύσει εκεί από τη Λευκορωσία . Ο πατέρας της ήταν οδηγός τρακτέρ, ενώ η μητέρα της εργάτρια σε υφαντουργείο.

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The history of space                                  the firt astronaut

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The history of space                                  the firt astronaut

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NikolasAndreadakis D2

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Νηλ Άρμστρονγκ - Βικιπαίδεια

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Ο Νηλ Όλντεν Άρμστρονγκ ( Neil Alden Armstrong, 5 Αυγούστου 1930 - 25 Αυγούστου 2012) ήταν Αμερικανός αστροναύτης, πιλότος και καθηγητής πανεπιστημίου, ο πρώτος άνθρωπος στην Ιστορία που πάτησε στη Σελήνη.

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A children’s history of space timeline, the key space exploration events, ideal research for space projects or homework!

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Spacekids childrens history of space. Learn about the key achievements in the history of space exploration through this timeline, designed for kids from ages 4 to 12 years old.

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Bakousi Niki D3

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DSS2 image of red supergiant star UY Scuti (brightest star in the image), surrounded by a dense starfield.

Observation data
Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000

Constellation

Scutum

Right ascension

18 h 27 m 36.5334 s [1]

Apparent magnitude (V)

8.29 - 10.56[2]

Characteristics

Variable type

SRc[5]

Astrometry

Radial velocity (Rv)
18.33±0.82 [6] km/s

Proper motion (μ)
RA: 1.3[7] mas/ yr
Dec.: −1.6[7] mas/ yr

Parallax (π)
0.5166 ± 0.0494 mas[8]

Distance
9,500±1,030 [9] ly
(2,900±317 [9] pc)

Absolute magnitude (MV)
−6.2[9]

Details

Mass
7-10[3] M☉

Radius
1,708±192 [3] R☉

Luminosity
340,000+290,000
−160,000 [3] L☉

Surface gravity (log g)
−0.5[3] cgs

Temperature
3,365±134 [3] K

Other designations

UY Sct, BD−12°5055, IRC −10422, RAFGL 2162, HV 3805

Database references

SIMBAD data

Coordinates: 18h 27m 36.53s, −12° 27′ 58.9″UY Scuti ( BD-12°5055) is a red supergiant star in the constellation Scutum. It is considered one of the largest known stars by radius and is also a pulsating variable star, with a maximum brightness of magnitude 8.29 and a minimum of magnitude 10.56. It has an estimated radius of 1,708 solar radii (1.188×10 ⁹ kilometres; 7.94 astronomical units), thus a volume nearly 5 billion times that of the Sun. It is approximately 2.9 kiloparsecs (9,500 light-years) from Earth. If placed at the center of the Solar System, its photosphere would at least engulf the orbit of Jupiter.

Nomenclature and history

UY Scuti was first catalogued in 1860 by German astronomers at the Bonn Observatory, who were completing a survey of stars for the Bonner Durchmusterung Stellar Catalogue. It was designated BD-12°5055, the 5,055th star between 12°S and 13°S counting from 0h right ascension.

On detection in the second survey, the star was found to have changed slightly in brightness, suggesting that it was a new variable star. In accordance with the international standard for designation of variable stars, it was called UY Scuti, denoting it as the 38th variable star of the constellation Scutum.

UY Scuti is located a few degrees north of the A-type star Gamma Scuti and northeast of the Eagle Nebula. Although the star is very luminous, it is, at its brightest, only 9th magnitude as viewed from Earth, due to its distance and location in the Zone of Avoidance within the Cygnus rift.

Characteristics

UY Sct is a dust-enshrouded bright red supergiant and is classified as a semiregular variable with an approximate pulsation period of 740 days. Based on a radius of 1,708 R☉, this pulsation would be an overtone of the fundamental pulsation period, or it may be a fundamental mode corresponding to a smaller radius.

In the summer of 2012, AMBER interferometry with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in the Atacama Desert in Chile was used to measure the parameters of three red supergiants near the Galactic Center region: UY Scuti, AH Scorpii, and KW Sagittarii. They determined that all three stars are over 1,000 times bigger than the Sun and over 100,000 times more luminous than the Sun. The stars' sizes were calculated using the Rosseland radius, the location at which the optical depth is , with distances adopted from earlier publications. UY Scuti was found to be the largest and the most luminous of the three stars measured, at 1,708 ± 192 (1.188×10 ⁹ ± 134,000,000 km; 7.94 ± 0.89 AU) based on an angular diameter of and an assumed distance of (kpc) (about 9,500±1,030 light-years) which was originally derived in 1970 based on the modelling of the spectrum of UY Sct. The luminosity is then calculated to be 340,000 at an effective temperature of 3,365 ± 134 K, giving an initial mass of 25 M☉ (possibly up to 40 M☉ for a non-rotating star).

A hypothetical object travelling at the speed of light would be observed to take about seven hours to travel along UY Scuti's great circle whereas it would take 14.5 seconds to circle the Sun.

Direct measurements of the parallax of UY Sct published in the Gaia Data Release 2 give a parallax of , implying a closer distance of approximately 1.5 kiloparsecs (4,900 ly), and consequently much lower luminosity and radius values of around 86,300-87,100 L☉ and 755 R☉ respectively. However, the Gaia parallax might be unreliable, at least until further observations, due to a very high level of astrometric noise. Gaia Early Data Release 3 has published a parallax of 0.5166±0.0494 mas for this star, again with a large value for astrometric noise, rated at a significance of 122 where anything over 2 is "probably significant".

UY Scuti's has no known companion star and so its mass is uncertain. However, it is expected on theoretical grounds to be between 7 and 10 M☉. Mass is being lost at M☉ per year, leading to an extensive and complex circumstellar environment of gas and dust.

Based on current models of stellar evolution, UY Scuti has begun to fuse helium, and continues to fuse hydrogen in a shell around the core. The location of UY Scuti deep within the Milky Way disc suggests that it is a metal-rich star.

After fusing heavy elements, its core will begin to produce iron, disrupting the balance of gravity and radiation in its core and resulting in a core collapse supernova. It is expected that stars like UY Scuti should evolve back to hotter temperatures to become a yellow hypergiant, luminous blue variable, or a Wolf-Rayet star, creating a strong stellar wind that will eject its outer layers and expose the core, before exploding as a type IIb, IIn, or type Ib/Ic supernova.

References

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DSS2 image of red supergiant star UY Scuti (brightest star in the image), surrounded by a dense starfield.

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The first earthling to orbit our planet was just two years old, plucked from the streets of Moscow barely more than a week before her historic launch. Her name was Laika. She was a terrier mutt and by all accounts a good dog. Her 1957 flight paved the way for space exploration back when scientists didn't know if spaceflight was lethal for living things.

Humans are explorers. Since before the dawn of civilization, we've been lured over the horizon to find food or more space, to make a profit, or just to see what's beyond those trees or mountains or oceans. Our ability to explore reached new heights-literally-in the last hundred years. Airplanes shortened distances, simplified travel, and showed us Earth from a new perspective. By the middle of the last century, we aimed even higher.

Our first steps into space began as a race between the United States and the former Soviet Union, rivals in a global struggle for power. Laika was followed into orbit four years later by the first human, Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin. With Earth orbit achieved, we turned our sights on the moon. The United States landed two astronauts on its stark surface in 1969, and five more manned missions followed. The U.S.'s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched probes to study the solar system. Manned space stations began glittering in the sky. NASA developed reusable spacecraft-space shuttle orbiters-to ferry astronauts and satellites to orbit. Space-travel technology had advanced light-years in just three decades. Gagarin had to parachute from his spaceship after reentry from orbit. The space shuttle leaves orbit at 16,465 miles an hour (26,498 kilometers an hour) and glides to a stop on a runway without using an engine.

Space travel is nothing like in the movies. Getting from A to B requires complex calculations involving inertia and gravity-literally, rocket science-to "slingshot" from planet to planet (or moon) across the solar system. The Voyager mission of the 1970s took advantage of a rare alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune to shave off nearly 20 years of travel time. Space is also dangerous. More than 20 astronauts have died doing their job.

That hasn't stopped people from signing up and blasting off. NASA's shuttle program has ended, but private companies are readying their own space programs. A company called Planetary Resources plans to send robot astronauts to the Asteroid Belt to mine for precious metals. Another company named SpaceX is hoping to land civilian astronauts on Mars-the next human step into the solar system-in 20 years. NASA and other civilian companies are planning their own Mars missions. Maybe you'll be a member of one? Don't forget to bring your dog.

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The first earthling to orbit our planet was just two years old, plucked from the streets of Moscow barely more than a week before her historic launch. Her name was Laika. She was a terrier mutt and by all accounts a good dog.

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Alexandra Maniadi

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The first earthling to orbit our planet was just two years old, plucked from the streets of Moscow barely more than a week before her historic launch. Her name was Laika. She was a terrier mutt and by all accounts a good dog. Her 1957 flight paved the way for space exploration back when scientists didn't know if spaceflight was lethal for living things.

Humans are explorers. Since before the dawn of civilization, we've been lured over the horizon to find food or more space, to make a profit, or just to see what's beyond those trees or mountains or oceans. Our ability to explore reached new heights-literally-in the last hundred years. Airplanes shortened distances, simplified travel, and showed us Earth from a new perspective. By the middle of the last century, we aimed even higher.

Our first steps into space began as a race between the United States and the former Soviet Union, rivals in a global struggle for power. Laika was followed into orbit four years later by the first human, Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin. With Earth orbit achieved, we turned our sights on the moon. The United States landed two astronauts on its stark surface in 1969, and five more manned missions followed. The U.S.'s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched probes to study the solar system. Manned space stations began glittering in the sky. NASA developed reusable spacecraft-space shuttle orbiters-to ferry astronauts and satellites to orbit. Space-travel technology had advanced light-years in just three decades. Gagarin had to parachute from his spaceship after reentry from orbit. The space shuttle leaves orbit at 16,465 miles an hour (26,498 kilometers an hour) and glides to a stop on a runway without using an engine.

Space travel is nothing like in the movies. Getting from A to B requires complex calculations involving inertia and gravity-literally, rocket science-to "slingshot" from planet to planet (or moon) across the solar system. The Voyager mission of the 1970s took advantage of a rare alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune to shave off nearly 20 years of travel time. Space is also dangerous. More than 20 astronauts have died doing their job.

That hasn't stopped people from signing up and blasting off. NASA's shuttle program has ended, but private companies are readying their own space programs. A company called Planetary Resources plans to send robot astronauts to the Asteroid Belt to mine for precious metals. Another company named SpaceX is hoping to land civilian astronauts on Mars-the next human step into the solar system-in 20 years. NASA and other civilian companies are planning their own Mars missions. Maybe you'll be a member of one? Don't forget to bring your dog.

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The first earthling to orbit our planet was just two years old, plucked from the streets of Moscow barely more than a week before her historic launch. Her name was Laika. She was a terrier mutt and by all accounts a good dog.

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George Papadakis- Saloustros Rafael

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With concept car design from the world's leading automakers looking sleeker with each passing year, it's easy to get caught up in all the excitement. But to fully appreciate the elegant lines and trim chassis that populate 21st century roadways, it's important to realize just how far we've come since the first Model T's rolled off the lot.

There's a rich design history between the strictly utilitarian designs of the early 20th century and the double-take inducing designs of modern day, and like many forms of progress it has come in fits and starts. We're taking a decade-by-decade look back at the history of automobile styling and design to pick out the details that defined each era.

1910's

Though the first combustion engine automobiles started tooling around Europe as early as 1807, it wasn't until Henry Ford applied the concept of assembly line production to the process that an affordable and dependable vehicle became widely available. Consequently, the Model T sold 15 million units between its debut in 1908 and its discontinuation in 1927 and set the template for car design going forward. The first iterations of the Model T carried over the "runabout" body style from earlier automobiles, bereft of doors, windshield, or windows and more reminiscent of horse-drawn buggies than modern automobiles to come.

1920's

Over the first quarter of the 1910's and into the 20's, the snubbed chassis and box-like wheelbase of the Model T and its competitors would lengthen considerably and closed-body designs would gain precedence over the open-air carriage style. The rapid expansion of infrastructure (paved roads!) in the US meant that the rugged, tractor-like build of turn-of-the-century vehicles could be swapped for longer, lower, and more elegant designs that became symbolic of the Roaring 20's. The Gatsby-like opulence of this decade featured long eight- and even 16-cylinder engines that required long-nosed bodies accented by curvaceous runner boards. Pearlescent paint jobs and enamel details also gained popularity as carmakers strove to reflect the art-deco inspirations of the day.

1930's

A huge engineering innovation known as the monocoque, or single hull chassis made cars lighter, easier to produce, and more structurally sound. It impacted aesthetics as well, as previously distinct features like fenders, headlights and runnerboards all started to be integrated into the body and two tone exterior color schemes fell out of favor. By the late 30's cars like the Cadillac Sixty Special were incredibly popular as family vehicles that offered a sleek look via a teardrop-inspired design that would dominate for decades to come.

Another family vehicle, the Chevrolet Suburban, was introduced as a forerunner to the modern SUV (and remains the oldest nameplate still in production). Henry Ford quipped that a customer could have the Model T in any color they wished so long as it was black. However, as cars became status symbols for the middle as well as upper-classes, styling and aesthetics became ever more important and eventually an integral part of the car design process.

1940's

Though WWII was a major interruption to commercial car production, it also resulted in one of the most important car design innovations: Ponton styling. From the French for "pontoon," this was the culmination of the decade-long trend to blend things like runnerboards, headlights and fenders into a single uninterrupted form. First refined for popular consumption in the USSR with the 1946 Gaz-M20 Pobeda, the result dominated the US and Europe as the design lynchpin of the 40's and 50's into the 1960's. Aerodynamically sound and visually cohesive, the bulging hoods and bulbous headlights that flowed continuously with the car's surface also created a svelte and muscular effect that jived well with the cultural attitudes of the James Bond era.

1950's

While the years following WWII saw many American manufacturers bulking up, European manufacturers were scaling down to more compact and economical forms. In fact, some of the most enduring vehicles of the era include the Cooper Mini, Volkswagen Beetle, and Citroen DS, all of which deviated from the excessively finned, chrome widebody designs that hallmarked US auto production. Cars like the Chevy Corvette and Cadillac Eldorado typified the brawny and swaggering aesthetic of American cars of the decade, though few managed to outlive their more economical European counterparts like the Fiat 500. Carmakers also started to experiment with fresh colors; ice cream parlour pastels and multi-colored exteriors defined the decade.

1960's

The 1960's saw a shift from the boat-like designs that captured the imaginations of the "Big Three" automakers (GM, Ford, and Chrysler), as European, and particularly Japanese, imports began to flood into the United States. The smaller, less cumbersome design ethic of cars from companies like Toyota, Nissan and a range of European companies filled a sizeable gap in the US market. At the same time, a new generation of US brawn was being born. Pony cars, like the iconic Ford Mustang and Chevy Camaro, featured extended hoods and low-profile cabins in a compact and affordable package. Metallic paints showed up for the first time, with metal-flecked blue, turquoise, and green adding some sheen to the compact model. This basic build would be expounded on by high-horsepower muscle cars that were fast, loud, and distinctly American.

1970's

Design doesn't happen in a vacuum, a point proven to the auto industry when the oil embargo of the early 70's forced affordability to the forefront of considerations. The Muscle Car era had its last gasps with the likes of the Pontiac Firebird, as American companies began to create their own compact and subcompact designs to meet the trend and counter the influence of foreign imports, hard lines and sharp edges became the stylistic norm. While petite makes like the Ford Pinto or infamous AMC Gremlin gained popularity as economy cars, larger body vehicles courted customers with options like shag interior and vinyl roofs that were [for some reason] massively popular. It was a big decade for color experimentation: Models popped up in arrays of bright colors - yellows, oranges, blues, greens, and reserved-for-race-cars red - after Porsche issued their 911 in 39 choice hues, but earthy browns and greens also remained popular.

1980's

With a few notable standouts, like the time-machine-worthy DMC DeLorean, the 80's saw a trend towards generic, boxy and generally uninspired car design as consumers pushed the market towards new concerns with safety and fuel efficiency. (In fact, some of the most fuel efficient, but slowest, cars of all time are from this decade). Some might call this the year that color died, as vibrant hues were ditched in favor of metallic paints as the coat of choice. In lieu of sleek exteriors, interior design and ergonomics began to be taken more seriously.

1990's

Though not all 90's cars have aged well, there was a definite reaction to the humdrum concepts of the previous decade; fluid curves and contours had a renaissance, especially with higher-end sports cars like the Porsche 911 or even the more modest Mazda Miata. The wedge-shaped sports cars and breadbox sedans of the 80's were being phased out in favor of the elegant lines of the 30's and 60's, indicative of the cyclical tastes of the automotive community.

2000's

The aughts saw an explosion of car design in all shapes, forms, and styles, making it difficult to tack down a common thread in their look. The variety in form has not translated to a variety in hues: white, silver, black, and gray are the most popular exterior colors of the day. However it's undeniable that the preeminence the SUV was cemented over the course of the last decade, in many ways replacing the elegant sedans and roadsters of decades gone by. Third generation Range Rovers carried the torch of the 70's and 80's with hard lines and a well-defined chassis while the ubiquitous Lexus RX embodied the tear-drop styling that has proven durable since the 1930's.

It's not just car design that has evolved - the way cars are advertised has changed drastically as well. Learn how Visual Effects studio The Mill makes commercials for every big car brand using The Blackbird, a custom-built car for CG replacements.

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The Evolution of Car Design From 1910 to Now - The Shutterstock Blog

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With concept car design from the world's leading automakers looking sleeker with each passing year, it's easy to get caught up in all the excitement. But to fully appreciate the elegant lines and trim chassis that populate 21st century roadways, it's important to realize just how far we've come since the first Model T's rolled off the lot.

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Space travel

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Alexandra Dretaki

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Humans have always looked up into the night sky and dreamed about space.

In the latter half of the 20th century, rockets were developed that were powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital velocities, paving the way for space exploration to become a reality.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Nazi Germany saw the possibilities of using long-distance rockets as weapons. Late in World War II, London was attacked by 200-mile-range V-2 missiles, which arched 60 miles high over the English Channel at more than 3,500 miles per hour. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union created their own missile programs.

On Oct. 4, 1957, the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into space. Four years later on April 12, 1961, Russian Lt. Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth in Vostok 1. His flight lasted 108 minutes, and Gagarin reached an altitude of 327 kilometers (about 202 miles).

The first U.S. satellite, Explorer 1, went into orbit on Jan. 31, 1958. In 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to fly into space. On Feb. 20, 1962, John Glenn's historic flight made him the first American to orbit Earth.

Landing On The Moon

Landing on the moon: Apollo 12 launches for second moon landing Nov. 14, 1969.

"Landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth within a decade" was a national goal set by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. On July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong took "one giant leap for mankind" as he stepped onto the moon. Six Apollo missions were made to explore the moon between 1969 and 1972.

During the 1960s, unmanned spacecraft photographed and probed the moon before astronauts ever landed. By the early 1970s, orbiting communications and navigation satellites were in everyday use, and the Mariner spacecraft was orbiting and mapping the surface of Mars. By the end of the decade, the Voyager spacecraft had sent back detailed images of Jupiter and Saturn, their rings, and their moons.

Skylab, America's first space station, was a human-spaceflight highlight of the 1970s, as was the Apollo Soyuz Test Project, the world's first internationally crewed (American and Russian) space mission.

In the 1980s, satellite communications expanded to carry television programs, and people were able to pick up the satellite signals on their home dish antennas. Satellites discovered an ozone hole over Antarctica, pinpointed forest fires, and gave us photographs of the nuclear power plant disaster at Chernobyl in 1986. Astronomical satellites found new stars and gave us a new view of the center of our galaxy.

Space Shuttle

In April 1981, the launch of the space shuttle Columbia ushered in a period of reliance on the reusable shuttle for most civilian and military space missions. Twenty-four successful shuttle launches fulfilled many scientific and military requirements until Jan. 28,1986, when just 73 seconds after liftoff, the space shuttle Challenger exploded. The crew of seven was killed, including Christa McAuliffe, a teacher from New Hampshire who would have been the first civilian in space.

The Space Shuttle was the first reusable spacecraft to carry people into orbit; launch, recover, and repair satellites; conduct cutting-edge research; and help build the International Space Station.

The Columbia disaster was the second shuttle tragedy. On Feb. 1, 2003, the shuttle broke apart while reentering the Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members. The disaster occurred over Texas, and only minutes before it was scheduled to land at the Kennedy Space Center. An investigation determined the catastrophe was caused by a piece of foam insulation that broke off the shuttle's propellant tank and damaged the edge of the shuttle's left wing. It was the second loss of a shuttle in 113 shuttle flights. After each of the disasters, space shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years.

Discovery was the first of the three active space shuttles to be retired, completing its final mission on March 9, 2011; Endeavour did so on June 1. The final shuttle mission was completed with the landing of Atlantis on July 21, 2011, closing the 30-year space shuttle program.

The Gulf War proved the value of satellites in modern conflicts. During this war, allied forces were able to use their control of the "high ground" of space to achieve a decisive advantage. Satellites were used to provide information on enemy troop formations and movements, early warning of enemy missile attacks, and precise navigation in the featureless desert terrain. The advantages of satellites allowed the coalition forces to quickly bring the war to a conclusion, saving many lives.

Space systems continue to become more and more integral to homeland defense, weather surveillance, communication, navigation, imaging, and remote sensing for chemicals, fires, and other disasters.

International Space Station

The International Space Station.

The International Space Station is a research laboratory in low Earth orbit. With many different partners contributing to its design and construction, this high-flying laboratory has become a symbol of cooperation in space exploration, with former competitors now working together.

The station has been continuously occupied since the arrival of Expedition 1 in November of 2000. The station is serviced by a variety of visiting spacecraft: the Russian Soyuz and Progress; the American Dragon and Cygnus; the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle; and formerly the Space Shuttle and the European Automated Transfer Vehicle. It has been visited by astronauts, cosmonauts, and space tourists from 17 different nations.

Space launch systems have been designed to reduce costs and improve dependability, safety, and reliability. Most U.S. military and scientific satellites are launched into orbit by a family of expendable launch vehicles designed for a variety of missions. Other nations have their own launch systems, and there is strong competition in the commercial launch market to develop the next generation of launch systems.

The Future Of Space Exploration

During Exploration Mission-1, Orion will venture thousands of miles beyond the moon during an approximately three-week mission. (Image: NASA)

Modern space exploration is reaching areas once only dreamed about. Mars is focal point of modern space exploration, and manned Mars exploration is a long-term goal of the

United States. NASA is on a journey to Mars, with a goal of sending humans to the Red Planet in the 2030s.

NASA and its partners have sent orbiters, landers, and rovers, increasing our knowledge about the planet. The Curiosity Rover has gathered radiation data to protect astronauts, and the MARS 2020 Rover will study the availability of oxygen and other Martian resources.

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Humans have always looked up into the night sky and dreamed about space. In the latter half of the 20th century, rockets were developed that were powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital velocities, paving the way for space exploration to become a reality.

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CHRONOLOGY OF DEFINING EVENTS IN NASA HISTORY

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1 Oct. 1958 On this date the National Aeronautics and Space Administration began operation. At the time it consisted of only about 8,000 employees and an annual budget of $100 million.

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article

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The first earthling to orbit our planet was just two years old, plucked from the streets of Moscow barely more than a week before her historic launch. Her name was Laika. She was a terrier mutt and by all accounts a good dog. Her 1957 flight paved the way for space exploration back when scientists didn't know if spaceflight was lethal for living things.

Humans are explorers. Since before the dawn of civilization, we've been lured over the horizon to find food or more space, to make a profit, or just to see what's beyond those trees or mountains or oceans. Our ability to explore reached new heights-literally-in the last hundred years. Airplanes shortened distances, simplified travel, and showed us Earth from a new perspective. By the middle of the last century, we aimed even higher.

Our first steps into space began as a race between the United States and the former Soviet Union, rivals in a global struggle for power. Laika was followed into orbit four years later by the first human, Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin. With Earth orbit achieved, we turned our sights on the moon. The United States landed two astronauts on its stark surface in 1969, and five more manned missions followed. The U.S.'s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched probes to study the solar system. Manned space stations began glittering in the sky. NASA developed reusable spacecraft-space shuttle orbiters-to ferry astronauts and satellites to orbit. Space-travel technology had advanced light-years in just three decades. Gagarin had to parachute from his spaceship after reentry from orbit. The space shuttle leaves orbit at 16,465 miles an hour (26,498 kilometers an hour) and glides to a stop on a runway without using an engine.

Space travel is nothing like in the movies. Getting from A to B requires complex calculations involving inertia and gravity-literally, rocket science-to "slingshot" from planet to planet (or moon) across the solar system. The Voyager mission of the 1970s took advantage of a rare alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune to shave off nearly 20 years of travel time. Space is also dangerous. More than 20 astronauts have died doing their job.

That hasn't stopped people from signing up and blasting off. NASA's shuttle program has ended, but private companies are readying their own space programs. A company called Planetary Resources plans to send robot astronauts to the Asteroid Belt to mine for precious metals. Another company named SpaceX is hoping to land civilian astronauts on Mars-the next human step into the solar system-in 20 years. NASA and other civilian companies are planning their own Mars missions. Maybe you'll be a member of one? Don't forget to bring your dog.

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The first earthling to orbit our planet was just two years old, plucked from the streets of Moscow barely more than a week before her historic launch. Her name was Laika. She was a terrier mutt and by all accounts a good dog.

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documentary

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History of Space Travel - Short Documentary

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a timeline

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A children’s history of space timeline, the key space exploration events, ideal research for space projects or homework!

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Spacekids childrens history of space. Learn about the key achievements in the history of space exploration through this timeline, designed for kids from ages 4 to 12 years old.