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Utopias were created in order to allow people who didn't want to live as a part of the cultural norm at the time and allowed for them to live the way they wanted, something mainstream society didn't allow. Instead of integrating their own ideals as a part of modern society, these people decided to create their own community, as shown through the Shakers and Oneida.

However,  failure of multiple communities demonstrated the difficulty of establishing a Utopian society without a unifying religion or leader. This made the formation of Utopian societies to decrease over the years as more of these communities experienced similar failures, but their ideals continued to make a lasting impact on the mainstream beliefs of America that resulted in new movements and laws.

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John Humphrey Noyes founded the Oneida Community in 1848 and was a well known Utopian socialist. Through his perfectionist beliefs and goals of reaching "sinlessness," he and his supporters separated themselves from the traditional societal expectations. Although some of those beliefs were not accepted by the outside society, their radical ideas illustrated their different lives within their own communities.

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Albert Brisbane was a Utopian Socialist who used Charles Fourier's social system to build a new society in New England.
-Based around 8 State evolution theory leading to and predicting the decline of Capitalism; Fourier Socialism would free workers from capitalist employers
-Created Phalanx system: Members would work for community, and would jointly own property in common (Schools, stores, bank, and library)
-Because of Bribane's skillful promotion in his book "The Social Destiny of Man" (1840), over 100 communities were established
-Most collapsed quickly due to competition for high positions
Significance:
Demonstrated that establishing a Utopian Society without a unifying religion or leader was very difficult because of greed for power

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Years before the emancipation of slaves and suffrage of women, the Shakers were practicing equality between all its people and believed that all people should strive for their own personal perfection in life. The Shakers' beliefs were far progressive against the norm at the time and represented a later trend in new equality movements. Their own community was able influence later events that would lead to emancipation of slaves and the suffrage movement.  Despite having unconventional beliefs that went against traditional  standards at the time, the Shakers were able to leave a lasting impact on the social norms of America as they preached ideals of equality that greatly affected American society in later years.

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Starting with the Shakers, these three groups of people were the first to radically separate themselves from society in order to build new communities in which their own beliefs would form their lives and be a basis for their own communities. There were many Utopian groups which arose in the 18th century, and although most of them collapsed quickly, many aspects of these Utopian societies were adapted into modern society or still exist in certain aspects today.

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Started by Ann Lee Stanley, she believed that Christ had already been reincarnated onto Earth and led a new community named "United Society of Believers in Christ" which followed unconventional rules that contrasted those of their modern society. These included common ownership of property, abstinence, and social equality of both men and women.

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As the founder of the Oneida Community, John Humphrey Noyes advocated for complex marriage and perfectionism.
- complex marriage: belief that all men on earth are married to all women, and therefore should be sexually intimate with a variety of partners
- regulated complex marriage with male continence - form of birth control - so he can control which members of community can raise the children, as he believed raising children was a communal responsibility
-  perfectionism: a perfect society where everyone lives in equal status and in harmony