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Look further in to you selected suburb using the attached site. Compare what Werribee is like across some indicators of your choice against your selected suburb and provide an explanation of why these differences (or similarities) may exist.

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Information regarding changes to come regarding borrowing limits in Australia.

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Australians will be able to borrow $30,000 less to buy a home as banks tighten their lending practices amid new regulations and a bruising royal commission.

The average new loan size is expected to fall about 8 per cent - from $379,000 to $349,000 - as banks specifically target high-risk loans, according to new Morgan Stanley research.

New borrowers with a modest deposit are likely to have a "materially different" conversation with their banker than prior to the regulation changes, according to IFM Investors chief economist Alex Joiner.

"The scrutiny that the retail banks have been under from the royal commission, and these regulations from APRA, certainly mean that it's a different conversation a mortgagee is having now when they step into a bank than they might have been, previously," Mr Joiner told Domain.

But while the mortgage market experiences regulatory change, Mr Joiner said he doesn't believe those changes would trigger a significant drop in house prices.

However, others aren't so convinced with ANZ and Macquarie economists updating their forecasts this week to predict 10 per cent peak-to-trough falls in the Sydney property market.

Property prices in Sydney recorded their first annual fall in the March quarter since 2012, according to ABS figures released on Tuesday, while Melbourne posted its first quarterly price fall in six years, with the ABS outlining stricter credit conditions as a possible cause for the house price weakness.

High risk loans targeted by APRA

An estimated 18 per cent of mortgage customers have a debt-to-income (DTI) ratio that is above six times, an analysis of 1836 mortgagors shows, which is unacceptable when seen through the lens of new lending rules.

A correction of the "very high" debt-to-income segment of the mortgage market could pull average new loan sizes noticeably lower.

In April, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) announced new measures to curb unsustainable lending practices, including internal limits on new loans where debt would be greater than six times a borrower's income.

With Australia's household debt among the highest in the world, house prices beginning to fall in Sydney and Melbourne, and two rounds of royal commission public hearings in which widespread breaches to responsible lending were exposed, tighter regulation and stricter enforcement is underway.

Morgan Stanley's analysis estimates the median loan-to-income ratio is 3½ times, about 40 per cent of mortgage holders have a loan-to-income ratio of over four times, and 18 per cent are in the "very high" category of over six times.

The analysts have halved their housing loan growth forecast to 2 per cent for fiscal 2019 and 2020, and see "risks to the downside".

International context sees Australian banks remain higher-risk lenders

Despite the crackdown, Australia's banks will continue to be seen as high-risk lenders, as Morgan Stanley points out international lenders are stricter still.

"The Reserve Bank of New Zealand's Financial Stability Report released in May defined DTI more than five times as 'high risk'," Morgan Stanley equity analysts led by Richard Wiles wrote to clients this week.

"In the UK, the Bank of England introduced measures in 2014 to limit the percentage of new mortgages with a LTI more than 4½ times to 15 per cent."

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Rude shock awaits Australia's home loan hopefuls

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Australians will be able to borrow $30,000 less to buy a home as banks tighten their lending practices amid new regulations and a bruising royal commission. The average new loan size is expected to fall about 8 per cent - from $379,000 to $349,000 - as banks specifically target high-risk loans, according to new Morgan Stanley research.

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Work out how much a financial institution will let you borrow

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Working out how much you can borrow

Want to find out how much you might be able to borrow for a home loan? Our borrowing power calculator gives you an initial estimate of what a lender may be willing to lend to you.

This is a handy step to take before you contact your mortgage broker so that you can see the effect different interest rates and loan periods will have on the amount of money you can borrow, the total interest you pay and your estimated monthly loan payments.

By entering the length of the mortgage, your salary (plus additional salary if you're looking to co-purchase), your expenses and the number of any dependants you may have, the calculator will assess your borrowing power based on your earnings and other financial commitments.

Make sure you enter realistic figures to get a more accurate picture of what you can comfortably afford to borrow. You'll want to ensure that you don't end up overstretched or struggling to meet your repayments. To work out different rates of repayments, pair this calculator with our home loan repayment calculator.
To discuss exactly how much you can borrow, talk to Mortgage Choice today.

The results from these calculators are an approximate guide only and do not constitute specialist advice. The calculations used should not be relied upon for the purposes of entering into any legal or financial commitments.

Disclaimer - Borrowing power: The borrowing amount is a guide only. Loan repayments are based on the lowest interest rate (either standard variable or 3-year fixed rate, owner occupier) from our lender panel over a repayment period of 30 years. Rates and repayments are indicative only and subject to change. The results from this calculator are an approximate guide only and do not constitute specialist advice. The calculations used should not be relied upon for the purposes of entering into any legal or financial commitments.

Disclaimer - Loan Repayments: The lowest interest rate from our lender panel is either standard variable or 3-year fixed for an owner-occupier. Rates and repayments are indicative only and subject to change. The results from this calculator are an approximate guide only and do not constitute specialist advice. The calculations used should not be relied upon for the purposes of entering into any legal or financial commitments.

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How Much Can I Borrow? - Home Loan Calculator | Mortgage Choice

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The Mortgage Choice home loan borrowing calculator quickly and easily estimates your borrowing power based on your income, financial commitments and loan details entered. This can be used in conjunction with our loan repayment calculator to help you work out your repayments based on the amount you wish to borrow.

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Use the attached PDF to calculate the differences between your income and expenses

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Use this calculator to see what your mortgage repayments would be

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The results from these calculators are an approximate guide only and do not constitute specialist advice. The calculations used should not be relied upon for the purposes of entering into any legal or financial commitments.

Disclaimer - Borrowing power: The borrowing amount is a guide only. Loan repayments are based on the lowest interest rate (either standard variable or 3-year fixed rate, owner occupier) from our lender panel over a repayment period of 30 years. Rates and repayments are indicative only and subject to change. The results from this calculator are an approximate guide only and do not constitute specialist advice. The calculations used should not be relied upon for the purposes of entering into any legal or financial commitments.

Disclaimer - Loan Repayments: The lowest interest rate from our lender panel is either standard variable or 3-year fixed for an owner-occupier. Rates and repayments are indicative only and subject to change. The results from this calculator are an approximate guide only and do not constitute specialist advice. The calculations used should not be relied upon for the purposes of entering into any legal or financial commitments.

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Mortgage calculator - Home loan calculator | Mortgage Choice

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By using our home loan mortgage calculator you can work out what your minimum weekly, fortnightly or monthly home loan repayments would be for what you're borrowing. Use our suite of popular mortgage & home loan calculators to work out your borrowing capacity, home loan repayments, stamp duty, savings targets and more.

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Find your ideal job's salary here, search for what you would be paid  in Melbourne.

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PayScale - Australia Salary Research Index

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Research Australia salaries. View top salaries. Free salary report matched.

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Calculate how much money you are left with after tax here.

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Income tax calculator | ASIC's MoneySmart

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Our Australian income tax calculator calculates how much tax you will pay on your employment income this year. Visit ASIC's MoneySmart website to learn more.

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Look in to the what homeloans look like now compared to how they used to

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The average Australian home loan size has grown considerably over the last 20 years. As home prices skyrocket and housing affordability decreases, more home loan holders are making minimum home loan repayments. This situation has financial experts questioning if too many Australians are over-committed financially and are under mortgage stress.

To understand how the average Australian home loan size has grown, let's wind the clock back.

The Historical Growth of the Average Australian Home Loan Size

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), back in 1975, the average Australian home loan size nationwide was just $17,400. However, just 10-years later in 1985, the average sized home loan had increased to $41,800. By 1995, the average mortgage sizes in Australia jumped to $95,600, and by 2005 to $277,500. By 2015, the average Australian home loan size had reached $382,400. Today's national average home loan hovers around $400,000.

So, how does the national average compare to state averages?

On a state-by-state basis, New South Wales (N.S.W) and Victoria (VIC) have typically always had the highest average home loan size, and Tasmania (TAS) the lowest. The average home loan sizes for these states between 1975 and 2018, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), are as follows:

Source: ABS

How Much Does the Average Australian Need to Earn to Cover the Average Mortgage Cost?

Based on data, financial experts believe that some buyers are better-off than others when it comes to buying property. For instance, the median price of homes in Sydney are far greater than homes in Adelaide, and this can mean the difference between a home loan being manageable or a burden.

For the average Australian buying a home in Sydney, which has a median home price of $880,743, according to CoreLogic RP Data, they need to be earning more than $154,482 before tax a year. These figures, however, only apply to house hunters seeking to buy outside of the CBD. If they're seeking to buy in an inner-city location, then the median price jumps to over $1 million. Therefore, these buyers will need a higher average income to cover costs. For those seeking to buy a unit in Sydney, the average earnings per year are more than $115,000.

Source: CoreLogic RP Data

These figures are based on an interest rate of 5.61% p.a. and a 20% deposit. Today, the average standard variable home loan rate for many lenders hovers around 4.00%.

What is Mortgage Stress?
For those of you who are wondering, mortgage stress typically occurs when your home loan repayment is more than 30% of your income.
According to recent mortgage research, some 921,000 Australian households were currently under mortgage stress. This figure rose by just under 10,000 households when compared to the previous month. On average, this figure represents 29.7% of Australian households.

Australian households under extreme mortgage stress also rose from 3,000 homes to 24,000. Many of these were in states with higher medians, such as New South Wales and Victoria. Data suggests that New South Wales had the highest level of mortgage stress with the number of households rising to 258,572 up from 251,576.

Mortgage stress contributes to the rise in minimum home loan repayments. According to research, more Australian mortgage holders are now only making a minimum repayment on their home loan, despite home loan interest being at historic lows.

One of Australia's largest banks stated that the average monthly mortgage payments in Australian capitals range from $1,500 to over $3,000. Sydney had the highest average monthly repayment at $3,031 per month. The lowest average mortgage repayment of $1,587 occurred in Hobart, followed by $1,971 in Adelaide. The average monthly mortgage payment made in these cities were 19.4% and 21.9% of household disposable income (HDI) respectively, whereas Sydney was close to 27%.

These figures have prompted financial advisors to warn Australians about over-committing themselves financially. Otherwise, there could be repercussions when home loan interest rates rise. At present, Australia has the lowest home loan rates ever seen, and they have been this way for over three years. As a result, many financial experts feel that home loan holders have become a little too complacent about home loan interest and that they are optimistic that rates won't rise. This scenario, say experts, is a dangerous mindset that could be costly long-term, especially if home loan holders don't have a financial buffer to cover rising expenses.

Reducing the Average Australian Home Loan Size

The best way to reduce your mortgage commitment and any possibility of mortgage stress is to pay as much as possible off your home loan while interest rates are low. It's also important for you not to commit yourself to too many other large financial purchases, such as buying a car, if you don't need to.

Smart budgeting and spending money only when you need to will allow you to pay more off your home loan faster, and to reduce your overall debt. Overall, less debt means less stress.

Are you interested in knowing more about how to pay your home loan off faster? Then contact eChoice, we can help you find a cost-effective home loan to suit your individual needs.

Popular Tags: Home Buying, Home Loans, Investment Tips

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What's the Average Australian Home Loan Size?

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The average Australian home loan size has grown considerably over the last 20 years. Take a look at how much the average Australian needs to earn to cover the average mortgage cost as well as tips to reduce your mortgage commitment.

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5. Mapping the Market        Median House prices in Australian cities

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5. Mapping the Market        Median House prices in Australian cities

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Find how much it costs to live in your given suburb here

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With coverage of 98% of the Australian property market and more than 4 billion decision points in our database, we're absolutely passionate about data accuracy which allows us to deliver on our promise of the most reliable and powerful property insights and analytics.

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Select the importance of each indicator to find your preferred suburb.

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Find your ideal hood from Melbourne's 321 suburbs.

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Examine the problem of mortgage stress in Austra

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Updated August 22, 2017 12:52:16

Australia's housing market has reached a unique point in its history: household debt at a record high, interest rates at an all-time low.

It's a "perfect storm" that means mortgage stress will spread swiftly, even with small increases in interest rates, according to mortgage industry expert Martin North.

Already, one in four mortgaged households are in stress - meaning they do not have enough income to cover mortgage repayments and other living expenses.

North's modelling shows how this figure would rise - and which neighbourhoods would be hit hardest - if interest rates were raised. It is based on research by his highly-respected consultancy, Digital Finance Analytics, which has surveyed the finances of 52,000 households a year for more than 10 years.

How much can interest rates rise?

The current interest rate, also known as the official cash rate, is at a record low 1.5 per cent. (The rate charged on home loans is generally 3-4 percentage points higher.)

Most experts agree that, sooner or later, interest rates will have to rise, although it is not clear by how much or how quickly.

The Reserve Bank has signalled that a "neutral nominal cash rate" is 3.5 per cent, implying that there could be a 2 percentage point increase in the cash rate to balance inflation and economic growth.

Small changes, potentially big effects

At current interest rates, more than 820,000 households are in mortgage stress, with those in regional and remote areas more likely to affected.

This chart, based on Digital Finance Analytics' modelling, shows how mortgage stress would spread if interest rates were increased by up to 5 percentage points. While an interest rate rise above 2 percentage points is widely seen as unlikely, the official cash rate topped 17 per cent in 1990 and most recently reached 7 per cent in 2008.

The line climbs steeply at the beginning, showing how quickly stress spreads, even with small rate increases. This is North's "perfect storm": the combination of flat incomes, soaring house prices, high household debt and low interest rates.

"You only need a small consequential change ... to actually really create that pain point," North said.

"We've got households in some degree of difficulty already now, so it doesn't take much to see the tipping point. Then we get this downward spiral and, if it goes, it could be as bad as Ireland or the US. It's a house of cards, I think."

The potential economic ripple effects could go beyond homeowners and investors as millions of households cut back their spending and load up on debt, dragging down the wider economy, North said. Some will scramble to refinance or sell. Others may lose their homes.

Which suburbs would be hit hardest?

If interest rates rise by just half a percentage point, mortgage stress would jump from an average of one in four mortgaged households to one in three. That's more than one million households.

If interest rates rose by one percentage point, mortgage stress would be as common in cities as it in the country, according to Digital Finance Analytics' modelling.

Across the country, nearly 40 per cent of mortgaged households would be in financial stress, while in some postcodes, the figure would climb past 80 per cent. These include:

2105 (Church Point) in Sydney

3008 (Docklands) and 3036 (Keilor) in Melbourne

4102 (Buranda) and 4153 (Burbank) in Brisbane

6017 (Osborne Park) in Perth

A rise of two percentage points would push half of all mortgaged households - or 1.6 million households - into financial stress.

Mortgage stress would become almost as widespread in wealthier neighbourhoods as in mainstream suburbia or the low-income urban fringes.

In more than a dozen capital city postcodes, 90 per cent of households or higher would be in stress. These include:

2150 (Parramatta), 2197 (Bass Hill), 2141 (Lidcombe) and 2128 (Silverwater) in Sydney

3060 (Fawkner) in Melbourne

4103 (Annerley) in Brisbane

6148 (Riverton) in Perth

In Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull's postcode, 2027 (Point Piper, Darling Point), 11 per cent of households would be in mortgage stress.
To see how your neighbourhood would cope with interest rate rises please view this story in your mobile browser, as the following interactive story will not display properly in the ABC app.
These 1,955 circles represent Australia's mortgaged homes.

1 circle = 1 postcode

Bigger circle = More mortgaged households

Mortgage stress is defined as when a household's income doesn't cover its outgoings, including mortgage repayments.

This is a higher threshold than in most analyses.

At current interest rates, more than 820,000 households are in mortgage stress. That's an average of one in four.

But averages hide a lot.

At one extreme are postcodes where less than 10% of mortgaged households are in stress.

At the other, are those where at least 90% are in stress.

Most of those postcodes are in regional and remote Australia. Mortgage stress is worse here than in major capital cities.

Let's see what happens if interest rates rise by 0.5%. (They were last at this level in May 2015.)

Mortgage stress jumps from one in four mortgaged households to one in three.

The combination of flat incomes, rising costs and large mortgages means stress spreads quickly, even with small rate changes.

More than 170 grey postcodes slide further into stress, taking 330,000 mortgaged households with them.

Nearly half are in cities.

This is what a 1% rise on current rates looks like. (Interest rates were last at this level in August 2013.)

The number of metropolitan postcodes with more than 40% of mortgaged households in stress nearly doubles.

In some, at least 80% of mortgaged households are in stress.

A 2% increase from current rates throws half of all mortgaged households into stress. (Interest rates were last at this level in June 2012.)

Both rich and poor are now under pressure.

The burden shifts away from regional Australia. In the country, stressed households are more likely to be in the minority in their postcode.

The opposite is true for cities.

In Melbourne, Fawkner becomes the largest postcode to hit 100% mortgage stress. It is home to nearly 1,400 mortgaged households.

In Sydney, Silverwater and Kurnell also hit 100%. In these areas, virtually every mortgaged household is in stress.

Let's see what happens if interest rates rise by 3%.

Most analysts think rises above 2 percentage points are unlikely. They were last at this level in November 2011.

These metropolitan postcodes represent 65,000 mortgaged households. At least 90% are in stress.

These represent 5,000 mortgaged households. Only 10% or less are in stress.

A 4% increase above current rates would bring interest rates roughly in line with the average over the past two decades.

(They were last above this level in October 2008.)

More than two million households are in stress.

Mooloolaba becomes Queensland's first metropolitan postcode to hit 100% mortgage stress, while Buranda and Northgate are close behind.

In many of the nation's largest postcodes, more than 80% of mortgaged households are in stress.

In some of the worst-affected areas, there are more than 10,000 mortgaged households.

This is what mortgage stress looks like at 5% above current rates.

The last time interest rates were close to this level was March 2008.

Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull's postcode, 2027, is among 20 metropolitan postcodes with less than 20% of mortgaged households in stress.

Meanwhile, across the nation, more than 170 metropolitan postcodes have at least 90% of mortgaged households in stress.

How will your neighbourhood cope if interest rates rise?

First posted August 21, 2017 21:15:26

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Updated August 22, 2017 12:52:16 Australia's housing market has reached a unique point in its history: household debt at a record high, interest rates at an all-time low. It's a "perfect storm" that means mortgage stress will spread swiftly, even with small increases in interest rates, according to mortgage industry expert Martin North.

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Read the article and write and discuss what the author's contention is? What is the broader issue that comes from this article?

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1. Open the Internet Browser

2. Click Tools (or "gear" icon at top right hand corner) > Internet Options > Privacy > Advanced

3. Check Override automatic cookie handling

4. For First-party Cookies and Third-party Cookies click Accept

5. Click OK and OK

Enabling Cookies in Internet Explorer 10, 11

1. Open the Internet Browser

2. Click the Tools button, and then click Internet Options.

3. Click the Privacy tab, and then, under Settings, move the slider to the bottom to allow all cookies, and then click OK.

Enabling Cookies in Google Chrome

1. Open the Google Chrome browser

2. Click Tools icon Or type in Go to chrome://settings/ to the URL window, hit enter

3. Click 'Advanced settings' > Select Privacy > Content settings

4. Check 'Allow local data to be set (recommended)'

5. Click 'Done'

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Open the Internet Browser Click Tools (or "gear" icon at top right hand corner) > Internet Options > Privacy > Advanced Check Override automatic cookie handling For First-party Cookies and Third-party Cookies click Accept Click OK and OK Enabling Cookies in Internet Explorer 10, 11 Open the Internet Browser Click the Tools button, and then click Internet Options.

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Research Questions:                                                                                                                                                                   1. "What does it take to buy your own home where you'd like to?"                                                                                                                                         2. "Is this affordable for young people today?"

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Research Questions:                                                                                                                                                                   1. "What does it take to buy your own home where you'd like to?"                                                                                                                                         2. "Is this affordable for young people today?"

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The above questions will be the focus of your research. You may present your findings in a PowerPoint presentation.

To be included:
-Explanation of what the research is
-Your job and salary
-How much tax you would pay on your salary
-An income and expense sheet
-Your favourite suburb (include map and info about suburb: why is it the perfect suburb for you?)
-What it costs do buy a house there and what it used to cost
-Your borrowing power
-How much you will need to borrow and what this will cost eventually
-Information on changes in the sizes of home loans in Australia
-Information regarding mortgage stress in Australia
-Findings in relation to the question

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Use the following map as a resource for your investigation.

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All resources you will need for study are located on Padl

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All resources you will need for study are located on Padl

# data[].attributes.body
Hvae an idea of some statistics of how Wyndham has grown, who has moved here an why

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Community profile | City of Wyndham | profile.id

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The City of Wyndham Estimated Resident Population for 2016 is 228,088, with a population density of 4.21 persons per hectare. Access in-depth demographics for the City of Wyndham from the population experts, id.

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Read the text and create notes on the three types of population pyramids shown in the page

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Oxford Chapter 2: Coastal change and management

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Oxford Chapter 2: Coastal change and management

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Material for coastal change and management that we studied. (Pages are referred to in study sheet)

If you want key bits/terms don't forget to use "Ctrl + f" and then search for what you want.

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Book Chapter for Coastal management and processes

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Book Chapter for Coastal management and processes

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An alternative useful resource for reading other than the previous chapter from Oxford.

If you want key bits/terms don't forget to use "Ctrl + f" and then search for what you want.

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Distribution and Spatial Association study

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Distribution and Spatial Association study

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Practice for distribution and spatial association questions

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Here is the study list for your exam, which is on
Friday the 15th of June, 1ab in Numurkah Hall.

This list is split in to skills and knowledge. Material for study can be found adjacent to this post.

Bring a ruler and your geography brain.

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Primary sources (firsthand information) may include:

·         Quotes/anecdotes (from people or in reports)

·         Census/population data

·         Photographs

·         Satellite imagery

·         Sketches

·         Tables of data taken by yourself

.          Field work notes

Secondary Sources (second hand information) may include:

·         Newspaper articles (digital or physical)

·         Report data

·         Maps

·         Textbooks

·         Legislation

·         Biographies

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Wyndham Harbour | Melbourne's Newest Marina Suburb

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Wyndham Harbour gives you convenient access to Port Phillip Bay and is a great base for fishing, sailing and cruising. Contact Us

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Get dropped anywhere from the busy streets of New York to the beautiful beaches of Bali.
Join 50 million players now!

Discover the world

Discover the world in your own pace and earn medals in our single player mode.

Play with your friends

Put your skills to the test against your friends and family. Create your own private party and play together.

Compete against others

Test your ability against players all across the world. Earn badges and compete against others in tournaments and events!

If you've forgot your password, click on "Already have an account?" in the upper right corner, and then on "Forgot your password?". Enter the email address which is connected to your account, and we'll send you an email with a link to reset your password! Don't forget to check you spam email if it may have gotten caught there.

If you are not receiving an email you might have enabled Google/Facebook login. If so, send an email to info@geoguessr.com and we will help you further. If you've forgotten which email you signed up with, no worries! Contact us at info@geoguessr.com and we'll help you out!

Become a geography expert and have fun at the same time! Seterra is an entertaining and educational geography game that gives you access to over 400 customizable quizzes. Seterra will challenge you with quizzes about countries, capitals, flags, oceans, lakes and more!

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GeoGuessr is a geography game which takes you on a journey around the world and challenges your ability to recognize your surroundings.

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9.1 Wyndham Harbour (pre-fieldwork work)

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9.1 Wyndham Harbour (pre-fieldwork work)

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This can be used to address the:
-relative location
-site description
-map

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Australia’s free online research portal. Trove is a collaboration between the National Library of Australia and hundreds of Partner organisations around Australia.

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Create a timeline (written) on the chages that have taken place at the Werribee South Foreshore

You may use the site below as well as Trove by the national library of Australia to find the events that would be placed in your timeline

To be included:
-Title
-Years (and months if several events occur in a year)
-Brief summary of different events
-At least one event from the 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s.

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8.4 EXAMPLE: "Foreshore Erosion at Werribee"

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8.4 EXAMPLE: "Foreshore Erosion at Werribee"

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Article discussing the problem of erosion at the Werribee South Beach in the 1930s

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8.4 EXAMPLE: "These Fishermen are  Worried" The Age February 1952

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8.4 EXAMPLE: "These Fishermen are  Worried" The Age February 1952

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Article about fishermen's concerns in the Werribee South area regarding a sand bar in the river mouth blocking accessibility

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You may wish to use this in conducting your site description

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On the western edge of Port Phillip Bay lies the Werribee South Foreshore - one of Victoria's untouched Bay side regions.

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8.3 EXAMPLE: "Breakwaer likely for Werribee" Werribee Shire Banner 1951

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8.3 EXAMPLE: "Breakwaer likely for Werribee" Werribee Shire Banner 1951

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Article pertaining to the potential of a new breakwater for fishermen in Werribee South

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8.1 Werribee South Jetty Webquest  (pre-fieldwork work)

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8.1 Werribee South Jetty Webquest  (pre-fieldwork work)

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Access the documentsand complete the webquest as part of your pre-fieldwork work

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Use the website below

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7.1 Campbells Cove WebQuest (pre-fieldwork work)

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7.1 Campbells Cove WebQuest (pre-fieldwork work)

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Access the document and complete the webquest

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Sea level rise prediction map

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The Coastal Risk Australia website has been developed to help communicate the risks of coastal flooding associated with sea level rise and storm surge. There is robust evidence that sea levels have risen as a result of climate change based on observations from tide gauges, paleo indicators and satellite measurements.

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7.5 Campbells Cove: Angling/Fishing Competition - Werribee Shire Banner 1951

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7.5 Campbells Cove: Angling/Fishing Competition - Werribee Shire Banner 1951

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7.4Campbells Cove: Caravan Permits - Werribee Shire Banner 1950

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7.4Campbells Cove: Caravan Permits - Werribee Shire Banner 1950

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7.3 Campbells Cove: no big blocks- Werribee Shire Banner October 1950

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7.3 Campbells Cove: no big blocks- Werribee Shire Banner October 1950

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This can be used to address the process of construction

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Werribee South Jetty History site: to be used for timeline

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Wyndham History | Jetty, Beach Road, Werribee South

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Fishing was an important local industry from the 1930s. Sam Portelli was one of 18 professional district fishermen operating from Werribee Beach in the 1930s. Others were Bill, Alec and Mick Cameron, and Bill "Piggy" Hughes, who lived on his boat. There was a jetty on the Werribee South Beach, later rebuilt.

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Campbells Cove History site: to be used for history aspect of WebQuest
http://wyndhamhistory.net.au/items/show/1071

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See right hand side of first page

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See bottom of first page and second page

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Use the attached PowerPoint as a template to research and exemplify coastal management techniques in response to problems at one of the following locations. Each location has a resource you may draw on and begin with:

-Hampton Beach. See resource 6.3a

-Gold Coast. See resource 6.3b

-Rainbow Beach. See resource 6.3c

-Adelaide. See resource 6.3d

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-Read the notes in the attached website
-Complete the quiz that follows.

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Coasts are important for many different reasons and for different groups of people. They provide:

places to live

places to work, eg fishing, ports and power stations

wildlife habitats

beautiful scenery

educational value, eg geology and natural history

You can probably think of many more reasons why coasts need to be protected.

It is not possible to completely stop the power of natural forces from changing the coast. People try to protect some areas from erosion but this can have negative impacts as well as positive.

The way the coast is managed can cause conflict. There are two types of coastal management:

Hard engineering - this involves building structures to protect the coast.

Soft engineering - this involves working with nature by using natural materials or allowing nature to take back areas.

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BBC Bitesize - KS3 Geography - Coastal management - Revision 1

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Coasts are important for many different reasons and for different groups of people. They provide: places to live places to work, eg fishing, ports and power stations wildlife habitats beautiful scenery educational value, eg geology and natural history You can probably think of many more reasons why coasts need to be protected.

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-Read the pages in this document
-Answer questions 1-4 from "Check your learning 2.8"

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Many residents, visitors and boaties at Wyndham Harbour have noticed the dark red mass that appears from time to time on the foreshore. What is it and where does it come from?

Lying on the seafloor at 5-10 m depth in the north and northwest of Port Phillip Bay, is a massive, moving underwater forest of 'drift' algae. It's called 'drift' because it is made up of algae that aren't attached to the bottom, and rolls along in great clumps like seafloor tumbleweeds.

Most of the time it is out-of-sight and out-of-mind, but when the wind and currents work together, it washes up in vast amounts on the bay's beaches. Trapped in the hot sun, it rapidly becomes an enormous composting heap, breaking down to leave a sludgy, stinky mess. The drift is non-toxic. It's an entirely natural phenomenon, but councils around the bay spend a lot of time and money clearing it off beaches to reduce the smell and improve beach amenity. Brighton and St Kilda Beaches get it in a westerly wind, Eastern Beach Geelong and St Leonards on the Bellarine Peninsula, Altona, Point Cook, Campbell's Cove and all across the Werribee South Beach is the result of an easterly wind.

Above picture: Werribee South Beach, taken 02/03/18 at 10.07am

Wyndham Harbour is no different and gets its fair share of drift washing up on our foreshore, particularly when winds blow from the east or north-east.
What can be done about it?
The National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne has looked into the drift problem over the past few years. We now know that there are vast amounts on the bay's floor in summer when almost 2.5 million tons rolls around. What lands on beaches is just a very small tip of the iceberg of what lies beneath the surface. The drift will always be there, so what can be done about it? The drift is made up of more than 20 different species of green, brown and red seaweeds, many of which we already use. The drift contains a lot of the green seaweed Ulva, or sea lettuce, which many of us know and enjoy as nori, the green seaweed wrapped around our sushi rolls. The dark red colour comes mostly from Gracilaria, which is a red seaweed used to make agar, something that can be found in products as diverse as ice cream, toothpaste and food for abalone. Another red seaweed, Botryocladia, has compounds that are powerful anti-coagulants or blood clotting agents that with further research could prove useful for medicine.
What is Wyndham Harbour doing?
Together with the owners' corporation, we purchased a boom to keep the drift out.

However, this was not an option supported by the waterway authorities due to the potential shipping and navigation hazard caused if it broke away. We've also tried to suck it up and move it around, but with no success. During this time, Wyndham Harbour has sought assistance from experts in this field including representatives from Parks Victoria (the waterway manager), Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Prof. Steve Swearer, Assoc. Prof. Tim Dempster and Juan Manuel Valero Rodriquez from the National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, and the Wyndham City Council.

Recently, we've received final approval to build an access ramp to enable us to use equipment to maintain the area. In the future, we might see innovative solutions to collect the drift algae from beaches and put it towards alternative good uses. For the time being, Wyndham Harbour is trying different methods as we continue to maintain this coastline for all to enjoy.

Wyndham Harbour acknowledges the assistance of Prof. Steve Swearer, Assoc. Prof. Tim Dempster and Juan Manuel Valero Rodriquez from the National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne for assistance and helping to create this communication.

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What's the story with the seaweed? - Wyndham Harbour

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What's that seaweed washed up on the beach? Many residents, visitors and boaties at Wyndham Harbour have noticed the dark red mass that appears from time to time on the foreshore. What is it and where does it come from? Lying on the seafloor at 5-10 m depth in the north and northwest of Port ...

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Create your own diagram explaining longshore drift

Ensure you label each of the processes that you illustrate.

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-Read 4.5 (p.102-103)
-Answer questions 1-3

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5.4 Coastal Landscapes and Processes Quiz

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5.4 Coastal Landscapes and Processes Quiz

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Complete the quiz and re-try the quiz until you achieve 10/10!

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE Geography - Coastal processes - Test

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Learn about and revise key coastal processes such as waves, transport and deposition with BBC Bitesize GCSE Geography.

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5.2 Coastal Landscapes and Processes Revision

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5.2 Coastal Landscapes and Processes Revision

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Read through the pages explaining the key terms in coastal processes.

Write definitions for the following words:

-Destructive waves
-Constructive waves
-Swash
-Backwash

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The of waves is one of the most significant of coastal change. Waves are created by blowing over the surface of the sea. As the wind blows over the sea, friction is created - producing a in the water. The energy of the wind causes water particles to rotate inside the swell and this moves the wave forward.

The size and energy of a wave is influenced by:

Destructive and constructive waves

When a wave breaks, water is washed up the beach - this is called the . Then the water runs back down the beach - this is called the . With a constructive wave, the swash is stronger than the backwash. With a destructive wave, the backwash is stronger than the swash.

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BBC Bitesize - GCSE Geography - Coastal processes - Revision 1

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The of waves is one of the most significant of coastal change. Waves are created by blowing over the surface of the sea. As the wind blows over the sea, friction is created - producing a in the water. The energy of the wind causes water particles to rotate inside the swell and this moves the wave forward.

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5.3 Coastal Landscapes and Processes Video

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5.3 Coastal Landscapes and Processes Video

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Watch this video prior to attempting the quiz that follows

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GCSE Geography Revision - Coastal processes

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Quick Video on Coastal processes. Think You Know Everything Take a test and post in the comments what you got - http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/quiz/q79184146 Subscribe for more revision videos - _______________________________________________________ COPYRIGHT - This video is for educational purposes only and I am not the rightful owner of the footage.

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4.0a Jigsaw task              Note taking table

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4.0a Jigsaw task              Note taking table

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Use the attached table to take notes throughout this task.
When other groups present on their topic you must fill in the boxes taking notes

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Ocean dead zones with zero oxygen have quadrupled in size since 1950, scientists have warned, while the number of very low oxygen sites near coasts have multiplied tenfold. Most sea creatures cannot survive in these zones and current trends would lead to mass extinction in the long run, risking dire consequences for the hundreds of millions of people who depend on the sea.

Climate change caused by fossil fuel burning is the cause of the large-scale deoxygenation, as warmer waters hold less oxygen. The coastal dead zones result from fertiliser and sewage running off the land and into the seas.

The analysis, published in the journal Science, is the first comprehensive analysis of the areas and states: "Major extinction events in Earth's history have been associated with warm climates and oxygen-deficient oceans." Denise Breitburg, at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in the US and who led the analysis, said: "Under the current trajectory that is where we would be headed. But the consequences to humans of staying on that trajectory are so dire that it is hard to imagine we would go quite that far down that path."

"This is a problem we can solve," Breitburg said. "Halting climate change requires a global effort, but even local actions can help with nutrient-driven oxygen decline." She pointed to recoveries in Chesapeake Bay in the US and the Thames river in the UK, where better farm and sewage practices led to dead zones disappearing.

However, Prof Robert Diaz at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, who reviewed the new study, said: "Right now, the increasing expansion of coastal dead zones and decline in open ocean oxygen are not priority problems for governments around the world. Unfortunately, it will take severe and persistent mortality of fisheries for the seriousness of low oxygen to be realised."

The oceans feed more than 500 million people, especially in poorer nations, and provide jobs for 350 million people. But at least 500 dead zones have now been reported near coasts, up from fewer than 50 in 1950. Lack of monitoring in many regions means the true number may be much higher.

The open ocean has natural low oxygen areas, usually off the west coast of continents due to the way the rotation of the Earth affects ocean currents. But these dead zones have expanded dramatically, increasing by millions of square kilometres since 1950, roughly equivalent to the area of the European Union.

Furthermore, the level of oxygen in all ocean waters is falling, with 2% - 77bn tonnes - being lost since 1950. This can reduce growth, impair reproduction and increase disease, the scientists warn. One irony is that warmer waters not only hold less oxygen but also mean marine organisms have to breathe faster, using up oxygen more quickly.

There are also dangerous feedback mechanisms. Microbes that proliferate at very low oxygen levels produce lots of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that is 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide.

In coastal regions, fertiliser, manure and sewage pollution cause algal blooms and when the algae decompose oxygen is sucked out of the water. However, in some places, the algae can lead to more food for fish and increase catches around the dead zones. This may not be sustainable though, said Breitburg: "There is a lot of concern that we are really changing the way these systems function and that the overall resilience of these systems may be reduced."

The new analysis was produced by an international working group created in 2016 by Unesco's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. The commission's Kirsten Isensee said: "Ocean deoxygenation is taking place all over the world as a result of the human footprint, therefore we also need to address it globally."

Lucia von Reusner, campaign director of the campaign group, Mighty Earth, which recently exposed a link between the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico and large scale meat production, said: "These dead zones will continue to expand unless the major meat companies that dominate our global agricultural system start cleaning up their supply chains to keep pollution out of our waters."

Diaz said the speed of ocean suffocation already seen was breathtaking: "No other variable of such ecological importance to coastal ecosystems has changed so drastically in such a short period of time from human activities as dissolved oxygen."

He said the need for urgent action is best summarised by the motto of the American Lung Association: "If you can't breathe, nothing else matters."

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Oceans suffocating as huge dead zones quadruple since 1950, scientists warn

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Ocean dead zones with zero oxygen have quadrupled in size since 1950, scientists have warned, while the number of very low oxygen sites near coasts have multiplied tenfold. Most sea creatures cannot survive in these zones and current trends would lead to mass extinction in the long run, risking dire consequences for the hundreds of millions of people who depend on the sea.

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Scientists have identified a dead zone as large as Florida in the Gulf of Oman, which connects the Arabian Sea to the Persian Gulf. Around the world there are more than 400 current dead zones in oceans and lakes, where water contains so little oxygen that aquatic life can't survive.

Dead zones form when aquatic organisms consume dissolved oxygen faster than it can be supplied. This typically happens when warmer water sits on top of colder water, or freshwater sits on top of saltier water - for example, where a river meets the sea. In either case the water on top is less dense and floats. The layers don't mix much, so very little oxygen from the atmosphere reaches the lower layers.

The next ingredient is organic matter in the water. It can come from untreated sewage, or from blooms of algae, along with dead plankton and fish. This material eventually sinks into the bottom layer, where bacteria decompose it, using oxygen as fuel. This process can consume most or all of the oxygen from the water.

EPA

Temperature is also a factor. Higher temperatures promote faster algae growth, enhance formation of layers in the water, and reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen that the water can hold. Climate change is tending to increase temperatures and make dead zones worse.

But the biggest driver is nutrient pollution - excess inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrients stimulate algae growth. They come from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants, and increasingly from fertilizer runoff from industrial-scale agriculture.

A recent global-scale analysis shows that oxygen-depleted zones in the open ocean have expanded by several million square kilometers since the mid-20th century, and oxygen concentrations at hundreds of coastal sites like the Gulf of Mexico are now low enough to limit the distribution and abundance of fish. These impacts are also being felt in estuaries and the Great Lakes.

As my research has shown, large-scale dead zones are resistant to change. But nutrient reductions in the Chesapeake Bay are starting to improve conditions there. Communities around Lake Erie dramatically reduced its dead zone and toxic algae blooms in the 1970s by reducing phosphorus inputs. Now, however, these issues are resurfacing there - evidence that this problem is an ongoing challenge.

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Dead zones are a global water pollution challenge - but with sustained effort they can come back to life

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Scientists have identified a dead zone as large as Florida in the Gulf of Oman, which connects the Arabian Sea to the Persian Gulf. Around the world there are more than 400 current dead zones in oceans and lakes, where water contains so little oxygen that aquatic life can't survive.

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4.5b Costal conservation doesn't get its due

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4.5b Costal conservation doesn't get its due

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"Before, there were many fish," says fisherman Mohd-Ishak Bin Abdul Rahman as he pulls a dried up crab from his net. A few years ago he could just walk out into the surf and pick up crustaceans with his bare hands, he tells me. "Now, nothing."

He blames the palisade of new luxury condominiums that rise on the coastline behind him. Built on 240-acres of land artificially reclaimed from the sea, they are part of the Seri Tanjung Pinang 1 (STP1) project. Started in 2006, it brought a taste of new Asian modernity to what was then a rural area beyond the fringes of George Town, Penang's only city. It also took away the fish, says Mohd-Ishak.

The 72-year-old is the undisputed chief of Tanjong Tokong, a fishing village of 100 houses built by the community a few decades ago. He is also the leader of a movement of fishermen protesting against development projects they claim are destroying the island's fisheries, and with them their livelihoods.

Clockwise: Land being reclaimed in Penang for the STP2 project; fishing boats at Tanjong Tokong; Mohd-Ishak, the chief of the village

Mohd-Ishak says his family has been fishing the area for at least five generations. As we talk, shirtless fishermen watch cautiously from handmade hammocks, half-broken plastic chairs and pieces of junk that washed up on the shore.

The contrast between the village with its shacks built from planks, beams and drift wood and the condos, swimming pools, luxury mall and Irish-themed pub is extreme.

Now the second phase of the STP project is in full swing. Dredgers, barges, bulldozers and diggers operated by a local subsidiary of the China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) are busy creating 1,000 more acres of land for luxury development. Slated for completion in 15 years, the STP2 development is expected to have an eventual value of $4.4bn.

Asia is growing. Literally

Land reclamation is nothing new in Asia - China, Hong Kong and Japan have been at it since the 19th century - but it has recently reached epidemic proportions. Maritime ecosystems are abruptly transformed as natural islands are artificially conjoined with coastlines, natural shorelines are extended and artificial islands are built from scratch.

Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial zones and ports. The 130 sq km of land that was reclaimed to build the new city of Nanhui was significant enough to reconfigure China's national map, and the reclaimed land for the Caofeidian economic zone was twice the size of Los Angeles.

Reclaimed sand is sprayed at the construction site for Colombo International Financial City, Sri Lanka; a general view of the construction site; a sign at the site

Concerned these megaprojects were getting out of control and doing irreparable harm to the environment, Beijing stepped in earlier this year and put an end to land reclamation projects that were not spearheaded by central government.

Meanwhile, many Asian cities are picking up where China left off. Besides the STP projects on Penang, Malaysia has massive reclamation works under way for the 700,000-person Forest City in Johor; the Philippines is reclaiming 1,010 acres from the sea for its New Manila Bay - City of Pearl; Cambodia is building a slew of Chinese-financed properties on reclaimed land; Dubai has turned reclamation into an art form; and Sri Lanka is building a new financial district on the dredged and deposited land of Colombo International Financial City. Around a quarter of modern-day Singapore was open sea when the nation state came into existence in 1955.

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Cities from the sea: the true cost of reclaimed land

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"Before, there were many fish," says fisherman Mohd-Ishak Bin Abdul Rahman as he pulls a dried up crab from his net. A few years ago he could just walk out into the surf and pick up crustaceans with his bare hands, he tells me. "Now, nothing."

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As humans continue to pour greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, oceans have tempered the effect. The world's seas have absorbed more than 90 percent of the heat from these gases, but it's taking a toll on our oceans: 2021 set a new record for ocean heating.

Rising seas is one of those climate change effects. Average sea levels have swelled over 8 inches (about 23 cm) since 1880, with about three of those inches gained in the last 25 years. Every year, the sea rises another .13 inches (3.2 mm.) Research published in February 2022 shows that sea level rise is accelerating and projected to rise by a foot by 2050.

That translates into as much sea level rise in the next 30 years as occurred over the last century, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Rick Spinrad, the NOAA administrator, called the findings "historic," and warned that the projected rise will occur even if carbon emissions are drastically cut.

(How carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases contribute to climate change.)

In the United States, the most vulnerable populations live on the East and Gulf Coasts, where damaging flooding is predicted to occur 10 times more often in 2050 than it does today. The acceleration of sea level rise along these coasts is "unprecedented in at least 120 years," according to a study published in April 2023.

Here's what you need to know about the causes-and consequences-of sea level rise.

Causes of sea level rise

The change in sea levels is linked to three primary factors, all induced by ongoing global climate change:

Thermal expansion: When water heats up, it expands. About half of the sea-level rise over the past 25 years is attributable to warmer oceans simply occupying more space.

Melting glaciers: Large ice formations such as mountain glaciers naturally melt a bit each summer. In the winter, snows, primarily from evaporated seawater, are generally sufficient to balance out the melting. Recently, though, persistently higher temperatures caused by global warming have led to greater-than-average summer melting as well as diminished snowfall due to later winters and earlier springs. That creates an imbalance between runoff and ocean evaporation, causing sea levels to rise.

Loss of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets: As with mountain glaciers, increased heat is causing the massive ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antarctica to melt more quickly. Scientists also believe that meltwater from above and seawater from below is seeping beneath Greenland's ice sheets, effectively lubricating ice streams and causing them to move more quickly into the sea. While melting in West Antarctica has drawn considerable focus from scientists, especially with the 2017 break in the Larsen C ice shelf, glaciers in East Antarctica are also showing signs of destabilizing.

Consequences

When sea levels rise as rapidly as they have been, even a small increase can have devastating effects on coastal habitats farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion, wetland flooding, aquifer and agricultural soil contamination with salt, and lost habitat for fish, birds, and plants.

(Here's how warming oceans affects wildlife and storm systems.)

Higher sea levels are coinciding with more dangerous hurricanes and typhoons that move more slowly and drop more rain, contributing to more powerful storm surges that can strip away everything in their path. One study found that between 1963 and 2012, almost half of all deaths from Atlantic hurricanes were caused by storm surges.

Already, flooding in low-lying coastal areas is forcing people to migrate to higher ground, and millions more are vulnerable from flood risk and other climate change effects. The prospect of higher coastal water levels threatens basic services such as Internet access, since much of the underlying communications infrastructure lies in the path of rising seas.

Adapting to the threat

As a result of these risks, many coastal cities are already planning adaptation measures to cope with the long-term prospects of higher sea levels, often at considerable cost. Building seawalls, rethinking roads, and planting mangroves or other vegetation to absorb water are all being undertaken.

In Jakarta, a $40 billion project will aim to protect the city with an 80-foot-high seawall. Rotterdam, home to the Global Center on Adaptation, has offered a model to other cities seeking to combat flooding and land loss. The Dutch city has built barriers, drainage, and innovative architectural features such as a "water square" with temporary ponds.

Of course, communities vulnerable to rising seas can only go so far in holding back the tide. In the Marshall Islands, where rising sea levels are forcing a choice between relocating or building up the land, residents will need help from other nations if they decide to undertake the expensive latter option.

How high will it go?

Most predictions say the warming of the planet will continue and is likely to accelerate, causing the oceans to keep rising. This means hundreds of coastal cities face flooding. But forecasting how much and how soon seas will rise remains an area of ongoing research.

A special report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says we can expect the oceans to rise between 10 and 30 inches (26 to 77 centimeters) by 2100 with temperatures warming 1.5 °C. That's enough to seriously affect many of the cities along the U.S. East Coast. Another analysis based on NASA and European data skewed toward the higher end of that range, predicting a rise of 26 inches (65 centimeters) by the end of this century if the current trajectory continues.

If all the ice that currently exists on Earth in glaciers and sheets melted it would raise sea level by 216 feet. That could cause entire states and even some countries to disappear under the waves, from Florida to Bangladesh. That's not a scenario scientists think is likely, and it would probably take many centuries, but it could eventually happen if the world keeps burning fossil fuels indiscriminately.

In the meantime, scientists keep refining their models of sea-level changes. They also point out that the extent to which countries work together to limit release of more greenhouse gases may have a significant impact on how quickly seas rise, and how much.

Editor's Note: This story was originally published on February 19, 2019. It has been updated with new data.

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Seas are predicted to rise a foot by 2050, regardless of how much global carbon emissions can be reduced. Why is this happening, and what can we do to adapt?

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New findings show that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a rotating soup of plastic in the north Pacific Ocean, contains up to 16 times more waste than previous surveys were able to detect.

A team of scientists has conducted what they say is the most comprehensive study to date of the patch's size and the debris floating in it.

Using a combination of drag netting and visual surveys from boats and an aeroplane, they estimated the patch is 1.6 million square kilometres in area - almost the same size as Queensland.

Packed into this area is more than 78,000 tonnes of plastic, the researchers report in the journal Scientific Reports.

Most of the mass was made up of pieces larger than 5 centimetres. While microplastics, which account for about 8 per cent of the mass, made up a bulk of the estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic floating in the patch.

Lead researcher Laurent Lebreton said the garbage patch was growing exponentially and was boosted by debris washed out to sea during the Japanese tsunami in 2011.

"We show that plastic concentration has been increasing exponentially since the 1970s for different reasons," said Dr Lebreton, an oceanographer at the Ocean Cleanup Foundation in the Netherlands.

"We found about 30 per cent of the identifiable objects were likely coming from Japan.

"We correlated that with our model and we looked at estimates from the Japanese Government in terms of how much they think was washed to sea that day... and we predict that about 10-20 per cent of the materials post-2011 in the larger size class came from the tsunami."

Previous sampling, which estimated the patch contained around 4,800 tonnes of garbage, had primarily involved dragging funnel nets behind vessels to collect surface debris.

But Dr Lebreton said that this method excludes larger debris that cannot be collected by the nets, and that boat surveys can only cover a limited area.

"We saw that the surface area sampled by our trawls was not really large enough to be representative of the contribution of the bigger debris," he said.

"[So] we decided ... to conduct an aerial expedition above the patch. We collected about 7,000 images [from the plane] and that helped us to calculate the contribution of larger debris such as ghost nets."

Clean-up operation needs to target source

By including the larger debris sizes in their study, the researchers knew they'd come up with a bigger figure than previous studies, but they were still surprised by just how much mass the larger debris contributed.

"I wasn't expecting to find that 92 per cent of the mass would be [larger plastics]," Mr Lebreton said.

Almost half the larger debris they identified was commercial fishing gear including nets and fish aggregation devices - nets and other structure set adrift intentionally by fishers to attract fish.

Research scientist Dr Denise Hardesty from the CSIRO said it wasn't surprising the survey produced a much larger size estimate of the garbage patch, given the different research methods used.

"When you're comparing aerial surveys that are looking at ghost nets with estimates that are all focused on floating plastics we're not really making the exact same comparison," said Dr Hardesty, who was not involved in the study.

"Ghost nets will weigh so much more than all those little tiny bits and pieces and fragments."

But she says that the new research is still cause for concern.

"Whether you're focusing on count or mass, I think it is alarming and we all recognise that this is an increasing global project and it's going to take local solutions as well as hopefully global governance to help resolve the issues," she said.

"We need to deal with this before it enters the ocean rather than when it's out in the middle of the ocean."

Plastic circulating in the garbage patch does eventually get "kicked out" and washes up on coastline, Dr Hardesty said.

But right now we are feeding waste in at a much higher rate than it can be expelled.

"There's an increasing source that's coming from our coast. And yes shipping and fisheries waste is also contributing, but the lion's share of mismanaged waste is coming from land," she said.

The Ocean Cleanup Foundation said they would use the research to develop technologies that, they claim, would be able to "clean up 50 per cent of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years".

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There's a soup of rubbish in the Pacific that's almost as big as Queensland

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New findings show that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a rotating soup of plastic in the north Pacific Ocean, contains up to 16 times more waste than previous surveys were able to detect. A team of scientists has conducted what they say is the most comprehensive study to date of the patch's size and the debris floating in it.

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4.0b Coastal Issues Jigsaw Task                                                                                                    PowerPoint (Google slides)

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4.0b Coastal Issues Jigsaw Task                                                                                                    PowerPoint (Google slides)

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With your group create a presentation on your topic to present to your classmates. You will be the expert presenting on your topic, so that classmates can fill in the notes taking table.

-What is the issue? (Define what a dead zone, rising sea levels, climate change, garbage patches, land reclamation etc. are)

-The location of the issue: absolute and relative (include maps)

-The causes of the issue (what processes create the issue, use diagrams to explain processes where necessary)

-The impacts of the issue (Who is the issue impacting? Can this impact be quantified? Use images maps and statistics to demonstrate the impact)

-The solutions to the issue (what can be done to resolve the issue? Are there adaptation or mitigation strategies that can be put in place? Use examples if people are already solving this issue, use images and maps to demonstrate the places impacted)

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Updated April 10, 2017 17:24:34

Two-thirds of the Great Barrier Reef has now been devastated by severe coral bleaching, with the most intense damage occurring further south this year, Queensland scientists say.

An aerial survey of the reef's 2,300-kilometre length by the Australian Research Council's Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies showed 1,500km had been bleached.

Compared to its 2016 survey, where the northern third was worst off, this year the central third - Cooktown down to Townsville - recorded the most intense bleaching.

The southern third is unscathed.

The council's director, Terry Hughes, who undertook the aerial survey both years, said record-breaking temperatures, driven by global warming, has led to the bleaching.

He said it would take the fastest growing coral in the 1,500km stretch about a decade to recover.

"The 10-year recovery hasn't even started yet, because of the back-to-back bleaching," he said.

"There has been no gap in bleaching between 2016 and 2017, we need gaps between bleaching to get a full recover."

Dr James Kerry from James Cook University in north Queensland said it was the fourth time the Great Barrier Reef had bleached severely.

The survey estimated that a 1 degree Celsius rise in temperatures had caused four bleaching events in the past 19 years.

"It is fair to say that this is extremely concerning for the long-term health of the reef," he said.

"It is facing a number of stresses, but I think the outside stress is coral bleaching, and we have now seen two major events in two years, which we have never seen before - that is unprecedented.

"In 1998, 2002, 2016, and now in 2017 - bleached corals are not necessarily dead corals, but in the severe central region we anticipate high levels of coral loss."

Coupled with the 2017 mass bleaching event, Tropical Cyclone Debbie struck a section of the Great Barrier Reef in March.

Scientists said the intense, slow-moving system was likely to have caused varying levels of damage along a path up to 100 kilometres in width.

Researchers said any cooling effects related to the cyclone were likely to be negligible in relation to the damage it caused, which unfortunately struck a section of the reef that had largely escaped the worst of the bleaching.

Search for unspoiled reefs

Mark Read, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority's manager of species conservation, said it the authority was working with tourism operators to find reefs that had not been affected by bleaching.

"To see whether or not there are areas we need to put additional resources towards protecting," he said.

"Sure there's some areas that have been hit incredibly hard by the bleaching and the cyclone, but it's still a magnificently large place with some areas that have been largely unaffected and that are still in very good condition."

Topics: great-barrier-reef, oceans-and-reefs, climate-change, environment, science-and-technology, research, earth-sciences, townsville-4810, james-cook-university-townsville-4811, qld, australia, cairns-4870, mackay-4740

First posted April 10, 2017 07:20:22

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Severe coral bleaching hits two-thirds of Great Barrier Reef, aerial surveys show

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Updated April 10, 2017 17:24:34 Two-thirds of the Great Barrier Reef has now been devastated by severe coral bleaching, with the most intense damage occurring further south this year, Queensland scientists say. An aerial survey of the reef's 2,300-kilometre length by the Australian Research Council's Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies showed 1,500km had been bleached.

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4.4a Population Growth on Coasts and land reclamation

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4.4a Population Growth on Coasts and land reclamation

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4.2aClimate change and rising sea levels

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4.2aClimate change and rising sea levels

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Read pages 96 and 97 of the attached chapter

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For as many of the examples of coastal degradation possible from the pages of 3.1 find specific cases of this degradation.

For each specific example include:
-A title: the name of the place and the type of degradation
-An image of the place (satellite or photo)
-The relative (where is it relative/close to) and absolute (long/lat) location of the place.
-One or two sentences explaining the degradation in the place (what has happened? what effect has it had on the environement? What is the scale of the issue?)

See attached example:

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Find a picture of your favourite beach/coastal place.

What is it used for?

Explain how it has been changed?

What impact might this have on the environment?

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3.1 "Change in coastal environments" and "Dynamic Balance"

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3.1 "Change in coastal environments" and "Dynamic Balance"

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Read pages 92-93 of the text and answer questions 1-4

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3.0 Oxford Chapter 2: Coastal change and management

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3.0 Oxford Chapter 2: Coastal change and management

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2.4 Mapping Practical uses: Moorookhouseboat tour

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2.4 Mapping Practical uses: Moorookhouseboat tour

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Complete Geoskills qs 1-8

Extension: Qs 9-10

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2.3 Locating features and measuring distance

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2.3 Locating features and measuring distance

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Locating features
Read pages 78-79

Write in glossary terms:
-area reference
-grid reference

Complete Geoskills 7.4 qs 1-8

Measuring distance
Complete geoskills 7.5 qs 1-2

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Relief and Gradient
Read pages 76-77

Write in glossary terms and definitions for:
-gradient
-relative relief
-relief

Complete Geoskills 7.2 qs 1-2

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Representing topography
Read pages 74-75

Write in glossary terms and definitions for:
-distribution
-topography
-contour interval
-contour line
-spot height

Complete Geoskills 7.1 qs 1-8

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Read pages 1-3

Complete questions 1-2

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1.3 GeoSkills                    Grid Coordinates

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1.3 GeoSkills                    Grid Coordinates

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Read page 1 and look at page 2

Complete Geoskills 4.15 q. 1-2

Complete Geoskills 4.16 q.1-2

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Read pages 1-3

Complete Geoskills 4.10 question 1-3

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Read page 1 and draw a sixteen point compass

Complete Geoskills 4.5 orally with class.

Complete Geoskills 4.6 questions:
1, 2, 3 and 4

Read page 3 and complete notes on true, grid and magnetic north

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International statistics: Compare countries on just about anything! NationMaster.com

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NationMaster is a vast compilation of data from hundreds of sources. Using the forms below, you can get maps and graphs on all kinds of statistics with ease.

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Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines The latest estimates show that some 3 in 10 people worldwide, or 2.1 billion, lack access to safe, readily available water at home, and 6 in 10, or 4.5 billion, lack safely managed sanitation.

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Cite this for me: bibliography generator

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Cite this for me: bibliography generator

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Use Harvard referencing system

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Cite This For Me™ was launched in October 2010, we began with the mission of helping students quickly create citations. Since then, the Cite This For Me™ citation generator has assisted millions of students across the world including in the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia, and beyond.

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Cite This For Me: Harvard, APA, MLA Reference Generator

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Automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for MLA, APA and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. Now supports 7th edition of MLA.

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The U.S.: 50 States - Map Quiz Game - Seterra

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With 50 states in total, there are a lot of geography facts to learn about the United States. This map quiz game is here to help. See how fast you can pin the location of the lower 48, plus Alaska and Hawaii, in our states game!

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Geographers look at patterns, so we look at patterns!

Read the notes and complete the activities that follow