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Wich was the most important invention of the Romans?
The romans built over 9,600 kilometres of road system in Britain which remains in use now and has made commercial exchange easier.

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What did the Anglo-Saxons live on? They lived on farming, fishing, feasting, music, gaming (chess and draughts), hunting, leather working and textile production.
Two British men fighting a Saxon

How was their society organised? Their society was founded on loyalty to the family, or clan, and the centre of their communal life was the hall. By the 7th century the edge of the Heptarchy was built. They continued without changing until 829, when the kingdom of Wessex became the most important.
People working with leather

Word Bank
draughts: a game for two players, with twelve pieces each, played on a checkerboard
hall: a place where they gathered loyalty to the chiefs for their protection
Heptarchy: Anglo-Saxons kingdoms

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The Romans Christian Di Cintio

When did the invasion of Britain start?

In 55-54 AD Julius Caesar led a Roman invasion of Britain, but the country wasn’t actually conquered until 43-47 under Emperor Claudius.

How long did it last?

It lasted for about fifteen generations and Britain was part of the Roman Empire. However it didn’t control the whole island.

tin:a material that is used to make can

lead:a type of gas without this material

map of England

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Britain.south.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg

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When did they get to Britain? Where did they settle?

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When did they get to Britain? Where did they settle?

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Six thousand years ago ”Britain” was inhabited. The population began to burn and cut down forests. They bred animals like pigs and sheep.

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When did Harold II die?  He died in 1066 in the battle of Hastings against the Normans.

How did Alfred improve culture? Alfred the King improved culture by inviting scholars from the continent and Church schools were opened where the most important latin texts  were translated into Anglo-Saxon.

Why were these texts were translated? They were translated in order to become understandable to people who didn’t know latin.

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What symbol does the Celtic knot represent?

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What symbol does the Celtic knot represent?

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Celtic knots are a variety of knots and stylized graphical representations used for decoration, used in the Celtic style of Insular art. These knots are mostly known for their adaptation in the ornamentation of Christian monuments and manuscripts, such as the 8th-century St. Teilo Gospels, the Book of Kells and the Lindisfarne Gospels. Most are endless knots, and many are varieties of basket weave knots.

Word bank:

To burn: this verb is used when something or someone has fire on (bruciare)

To breed: when we educated an animal (allevare)

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A lot of town took their names from latin like castra that means army camp and has remained in many modern town names ending in caster,chester or cester ,such as lancester or manchester

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What about religion?
Like other european iron age tribal societies, the Celts practised a polytheistic religion.

Which Gods and goddesses  did they believe in?

They worshipped gods and goddesses about 400 in total. They had hundreds of deities, some of which were unknown; the most famous were; Sucellos, the sky god and Nodens, who made clouds and rain.

What did they believe in?
The Celts worshipped the natural elements such as the sun, the moon, trees and rivers. They considered the water a holy element since it  generated life.

What did they do after life?

They believed in immortality and in the transmigrations of the soul from one person to another.

In fact, when a person died, they buried them with many things, they would need for the after life; for example, warriors were often buried with a helmet, a sword or dagger…

Where were the shrines situated?
Celtic shrines were situated in hilltops, groves and lakes.

source: pinterest                             Ilton Moor, Druids Temple

Word Bank

deity: god or goddess

holy: religious

Buried: hidden

Shrines: sacred place

Dagger: weapon (pugnale)

Sword: weapon (spada)

Grove= trees

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When did Alfred become the king of Wessex? Alfred was crowned after his brother’s death Ethelred in 871.

What did he do to protect the city? In order to protect the city he built fortresses and to face the war he planned a navy with long ships. He also reorganised the army of Wessex by demanding a farmer man from each farm as a tribute.

When did Alfred die? He died in 899 and the throne was succeeded by his son Edward and his grandson Athelstan.

When did the Saxons’ reign end? In 1015 the Vikings managed to extend their reign and this indicated the beginning of the end of the Saxon’s reign.

Who was the Anglo Saxons’ last king? Their last king was Harold. II.

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When did the trasformation start?

In 1066

What was the transformation?

It was a deep political,social and cultural trasformation.

Who died in the battle?

Many anglo-saxon died in Battle of Hastings.

Where did it take place?

In England

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When was the fall of the roman Empire?
Roman control of Britain ccame to an end in 409 AD when all the soldiers were withdraw to defend Rome against the barbarian riders:
all the romanised celts where left alone to fight against the saxon raiders
Word bank
raiders: a type of person who invade a territory
withdraw: when a troop is moved away from the zone

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When did they arrive? 410 AD

Where did they come from? The Angles, Saxons and Jutes known as The Anglo-Saxons were a population from the North Sea Region of Northern Europe and were established in the South side of Hadrian’s Wall.

What were the Anglo-Saxons like? They were warrior-farmers, tall, fair-haired men and armed with swords.

What was their language? Old English,  the earliest historical form of the English language, which was spoken in England, southern and eastern Scotland. It was developed from North Sea Germanic dialects and its grammar is quite similar to modern German. The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy

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Who was Thomas Becket?

He was Chancellor of the Kingdom of England and in  1152 was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Henry II.
What did he do? Why is he so important?                                    Thomas restored order and monarchical authority, defending only the clergy. He opposed some of the laws imposed by the king, including the Clarendon Constitutions that would place the Church under King's authority.
Who killed Thomas Becket?
As a consequence, On 29th December 1170, Becket was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by four knights claiming to have been sent by the king.  After this event, he became a martyr and a saint.                                                Why is the Canterbury Cathedral so important?              Pilgrims from all over England and Europe visited his shrine in Canterbury Cathedral . These pilgrimages also are described in the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer.
What happened to Henry?
Becket’s murder shocked all of Europe and Henry walked barefoot to Canterbury, where he was flogged by monks at the door of the cathedral to restore his reputation.                                     Who succeeded him?                    When the king died, he was succeeded by his son  Richard the Lionheart.

SHRINE: A place of religious devotion or commemoration (santuario);

BAREFOOT: without shoes (a piedi nudi);

TO FLOG: to beat something or someone with a rod or whip (frustare).

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Who was there before anarchy?

Before anarchy there were Plantagenets

Who was on the throne?

At the beginning William first the Conqueror was king of England.

When did he die?

He died in 1087

Who succeeded him?

He has three sons, the eldest, Robert, became Duke of Normandy, William second, the middle, succeded him on the thron and the last Henry has no lands.

When did William second die?

William second died in 1100

What did Henry do?

After Wlliam second’s death, Henry became king of England and six years later after  defeated Robert he also became Duke of Normandy.

Word bank

Eldest: older(il più vecchio)

Defeated: win a victory over, beat(battere)

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What were the Celtic symbols?

The Triquetra
The Celts favoured the idea that everthing important in the world cames in threes; three stages of life, three elements, three domains: earth, sea and sky. The number three was very important for this society and this symbols described the origin of the word

Triskelion
This symbol represents continuous moveents. Everthing, in the human life, happened in three moments: past, present and future amd in three differetn way: mind,body and spirit

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What about Celtic man ?

The Celts were tall and muscular, with fair skin,blue eyes and blonde hair. They worked like farmers,hunters,fishermen and metal workers. The particularity of this society was that they painted themselves with blue paint called"Woad".

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The development of the English language.

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The development of the English language.

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When did the history of the English language begin?

The history of the English language began when the Angles,Saxons and Jutes decided to settle in Britain where the Wessex dialect prevailed over the several other ones.

How many periods does this language have?

The Development of this very famous language can be split into three periods: Old English (ca 700-1100), Middle English (ca 1100-1450) and Modern English (ca 1450-present day).

What is Old English known for?

Old English is known for its inflectional endings and for the stress of words generally as near the beginning as possible. Even if there are a lot of distinctions, someone who speaks modern English wouldn't have any difficulties in recognising the structure of a phrase.

What impact did the Norman Conquest have on England?

The Norman Conquest was really important because, after that, there were three languages spoken in England: French, Old English and Latin. It was from the blend of them that Middle English originated.

The Normans also replaced English with French as the language of government, they used Latin as the main language in administrative and intellectual contents while English survived in everyday speech.

What was the difference between Old English and Middle English?

Middle English lost all of the Anglo-Saxon inflections even though the s-ending for the plural nouns remained unchanged.

Why is the English Language  made out of so many synonyms?

Because,as we all know,the various origins of this language give it many synonyms; for example: “ask” (Saxon), “interrogate” (Latin) and “question”(French).

WORD BANK

Split = separate; cause to break.     Infections = rapid contagion of a particular disease or a specific situation.

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When was The Anarchy in England?

The Anarchy was a English civil war between Stephen and Matilda.

When was the beginning of the Anarchy?

It began in 1135.

How was Henry I reign?

Henry I ruled peacefully.

How did Henry I’s son died?

His son died in shipwreck.

Who did Henry I nominate as his heir?

He nominated as heir his daughter Matilda.

Who became the King of England after Henry I?

His nephew Stephen had himself crowned.

Who did Stephen  nominate as his heir?

He nominated Matilda’s son, Henry, as his heir.
Word Bank:
Shipwreck: an accident in which a ship is destroyed or sunk at sea

Heir: a person who inherits or has a right of inheritance in the property of another following the latter's death.

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Where did they  get to Britain?

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the Battle of Hastings
When and where did the Battle of Hastings take place ?

The Battle of Hastings started  on the 14th October 1066 near Hastings.

What was it for?

William, duke of Normandy, claimed the English Crown which belonged to  Harold, king of Anglo-Saxon

William,duke of Normandy                       fonte: Wikipedia

Harold , king of Anglo-Saxon             fonte:Wikipedia

How did they organise the army?

William’s army was formed of about 8000 warriors : a cavalry of 3000 men and some archers and infantry.

Harold’s soldiers, instead, fought on foot and formed a shell with their shields.
Who won the Battle?

The battle had a turning point when Harold was hit in the eye, then he was killed by Norman warriors; so the Anglo-Saxons escaped and Normans declared victory .William became William 1st of England on Christmas Day 1066. the representation  of the Harold’s  death.        fonte:Wikipedia

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What is The Bayeux Tapestry?

The Bayeux Tapestry is a tapestry where  the story of the Battle of Hastings is told.

How long is it?

It’s about 70 metres long.

Where is it now?

it is preserved at the Musée de la Tapisserie in Bayeux,France.

What is it like?

It’s formed by 9 patches of linen embroidered with wool colour strings (about 9 colours).There are about 126 different characters , 626 people, 202 horses and mules , 505 animals,37 buildings ,49 trees .
Why is it important?

It’s a very important historical document because we can understand how people lived  in XI century ; for example they used  Scandinavian weapons or Viking sail .

Word bank

to claim= demand;

warrior= who fights;

cavalry= soldiers on horseback;

archer = person who uses bow and arrow;

infantry = regiment of foot soldiers;

shell = cover;

shield = an arm to protect themselves;

tapestry = wall hanging;

patch = piece ;

linen = fabric type ;

to embroidered  = decorated ;

wool = sheep coat ;

string = cord

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The coins
When did they begin to coin money?
The Anglo-saxon king began to coin money in 630
What were they like?

These coins were similar at merovingian gold models called “thrymsas”.
When were they abolished ?
In 675 the gold coins were abolished and substituted with silver coins.

The objects
What kind of materials did they work with?
They worked with metals like gold, silver and iron. They were able metalworkers.
Where were the principal centres of miniature?
The principal centres of miniature were in Winchester and Canterbury.
What objects did they make?

The objects were necklaces, pearls and receptacles. Lots of objects were made from whale’s bones and walruses’ tooth.
What is their most famous cross? How was it decorated?
The most famous is the cross of Ruthwell. It is decorated with reliefs of New Testament with animal images.

The Manuscripts
What was the most important manuscript?
The most important manuscript is that of saint Ethelwold’s.
What were the manuscripts like?
Some manuscripts  included illustrations made with pen without colour  use.

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What was new in the social organization in the Middle Ages?

A news was the feudal system.

How did the feudal system work?

The king gave his lands to french barons but they had to pay their rent in military services.Then the barons lent their lands to knights in return for their services that guaranteed security and food, and so peace.

How can we describe the feudal pyramid?

Feudal system is represented by a pyramid:

-On the top there is the king. He gives fief and peasants to the lords

-Below the king there are French barons or lords, who are vassals to king. Their give loyalty and military aid to the king, and they give food, protection and shelter to the knights

-Below the lords there are knights, who are vassals to lords. They give homage and military service to the lords and they give food, protection and shelter to the peasants

-At the bottom of the pyramid there are the peasants, who are called serfs. They farm the land and pay rent to the knights.

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What was the common law ?

In the 1160s Henry II introduced traveling royal judges, who were basically professional lawyers.

These lawyers administered a law , completely different to the Roman Empire’s civil law and the canon law of the Church and was known as “common law”. The common law was based on custom, comparisons* of previous cases and previous decisions.

Why was this law known as “common law” ?

This law was called “common law” because it was used everywhere and even today this mixture* of experience and custom is the basis of law in England.