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https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/baby-friendly-resources/video/meeting-baby-for-the-first-time/

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https://metronorth.health.qld.gov.au/rbwh/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/feeding-cues-term.pdf

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https://realbabymilk.org/oxytocin-babys-amazing-brain/

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How many times did you eat or drink something today? Coffee break? Water fountain? Gum? Snack? TV nibblies? Most adults have an urge to eat about every 90 minutes while they're awake!

Why do you eat or drink? Hunger? Thirst? Comfort? For social reasons? Just because?

Are you trying to gain weight? If you had to double your weight in 6 months, how would you do it? Would you drink water? Chew sugarless gum between meals? Eat large meals at long intervals? Or would you do lots and lots of snacking, day and night?

When it comes to food, babies are people, too. They're people plus, because they are trying to double their weight in about half a year, with a stomach that starts out no bigger than a walnut. Of course they eat and eat and eat, especially in the early weeks. If your newborn is gaining about half a pound a week, he's doing fine. If not, check with a breastfeeding specialist. Remember, if milk doesn't go in often, pounds can't go on fast. Here are some basics:

Pacifiers are sugarless gum for babies - an imitation of what a baby really needs. You already have two of the real thing!

Think nursing first whenever your baby seems unsettled - even if he just ate. He can always say no. If someone always analyzed our reasons before allowing us food, we'd go crazy! We don't want to have to demand our food, and neither do our babies. What would you think of a hostess who withheld the cheese dip, saying, "You can't be hungry; you just ate"? Why withhold food from a fast-growing baby? Nursing freely and frequently is actually easier than taking time out for big meals at long interval - easier on your breasts and his stomach, too.

Let your baby decide when and whether to change sides rather than shifting him after a set time. Would you want more soup when you were just settling in with dessert? If he seems unhappy on Side 1, try Side 2. If he still seems hungry after two sides, go back to the first. If Side 1 is all he wants, that's fine too.

Let your baby, not the clock, tell you when he's full. Imagine a dinner at which the maître d' bustles over and tells you your time is up!

Nighttime is especially valuable nursing time. Don't be too eager for your baby to sleep through the night. Keep him conveniently close at night - in your bed if you like - and know that you're helping him grow those brains and bones.

If your baby seems to nurse constantly and isn't gaining well, get help from someone who understands breastfeeding. A few simple changes are usually all it takes. And then you can forget about "feeding", and just enjoy nursing. Let your baby lead the way, and the pounds will take care of themselves.

©2015 Diane Wiessinger, MS, IBCLC www.normalfed.com

with gratitude to Linda Smith, FACCE, IBCLC, parts of whose "Eating Patterns Game" are incorporated here

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How many times did you eat or drink something today? Coffee break? Water fountain? Gum? Snack? TV nibblies? Most adults have an urge to eat about every 90 minutes while they're awake! Why do you eat or drink? Hunger? Thirst? Comfort? For social reasons? Just because? Are you trying to gain weight?

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Positioning
https://www.nct.org.uk/parenting/breastfeeding-positions

http://www.llli.org/faq/positioning.html

Attachment
https://www.nct.org.uk/parenting/how-breastfeed

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https://www.nct.org.uk/parenting/how-can-i-tell-if-my-baby-feeding-well

https://www.nct.org.uk/parenting/whats-your-babys-nappy

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"How can I help?

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New parents need time to adjust to their new roles. Life may change dramatically, especially for a ﬁrst time mother-many women say they didn't feel prepared for the emotional upheaval they experienced on becoming a mother. Even experienced mothers can have difﬁculties juggling the needs of the new baby with those of older children.

At this time a pair of practical helping hands can make a big difference by allowing a mother time to recover from the birth and establish breastfeeding. In the early days, a baby will probably want to breastfeed a lot of the time they are awake. At this stage, a mother may only be managing to eat, sleep and nurse the baby.

This is normal. At ﬁrst their mother and nursing will be at the centre of a baby's world. The security of a baby's bond with their mother is the basis for all other relationships. A breastfeeding mother generally feels an intense connection with her baby, both emotionally and physically, due to breastfeeding hormones and the practical need to stay close to nurse her baby.

This way, babies get what they need to thrive. A baby's wants are a baby's needs-they can't wait like an adult can. By meeting your baby's needs a mother gives them a secure attachment so they can develop into a conﬁdent child.

Why breastfeed?
When can a baby start eating solid food?
When will a baby sleep through the night?
When does breastfeeding stop?
Support for mothers is important
Ways to support a breastfeeding mother
What breastfeeding mothers say when asked what would help
What about partners?
What about dads?
Two women having a baby
What about other family members?
What about visitors?
Other ways to help
When a mum has no support

Why breastfeed?

Breastmilk has everything a growing baby needs in exactly the right amounts and is easy to digest. Research shows that a baby who is not breastfed is more likely to suffer from health problems, both as a child and throughout adulthood. Infant formula increases a child's risk of (amongst many other health problems): SIDS, Cancer, Obesity, Diabetes, and Allergies.

See Amazing milk for more information.

What about breastfeeding in public places?

Babies often want to breastfeed when people around them are eating and drinking-and why not? Mothers breastfeed in many public places and tend to be so discreet you may not even have noticed.

Breastfeeding is also convenient when a mother is out and about. She can spot early feeding cues and offer a feed before her baby gets frantic-well before those around her are even aware. After all, no one notices a baby nestled in mum's arms but a crying baby guarantees an audience!

When can a baby start eating solid food?

Breastmilk is a complete food so a healthy baby needs only breastmilk until about the middle of the ﬁrst year. There's no beneﬁt to be found in introducing solid foods before this time. If a baby seems hungry, more breastmilk usually does the trick-mothers could breastfeed more often, offering both sides. Many babies who start on solid foods from around six months quickly learn to feed themselves and enjoy sitting up with the family at mealtimes.

See Starting Solid Food.

When will a baby sleep through the night?

A baby will need to breastfeed during the night for a number of months to ensure they take in enough milk and to maintain their mother's milk production. Just as there's no ﬁxed age for when a baby is ready to walk or talk, there's no real way of knowing when they will be ready to sleep through the night. Consider whether you sleep through the night now? Many adults wake, turn over and go back to sleep as a matter of course. As a baby grows their sleep cycles will naturally get longer. In the meantime, they will wake and be likely to need the comfort of mother, her co-parent or other family member's presence to help them relax and fall back to sleep.

What about bottles and dummies? Bottles or dummies can confuse a baby's sucking technique, so if a supplement is needed, a spoon, ﬂexible feeding cup or syringe can be used. Giving formula affects a mother's milk production since a baby will take less breastmilk. Some mothers express milk for their partner, or another support person, to give but expressing takes more effort than simply breastfeeding. If a mother is ﬁnding night feeding exhausting you could encourage her to rest during the day, to try feeding lying down and to keep baby close at night so she doesn't have to get up. See our page on Safer Sleep for more information.

When does breastfeeding stop?

When does a baby's need to use nappies or a highchair stop? It's all very individual. It doesn't usually help to push children on to the next stage until they are ready. Breastmilk is just as nutritious as it was when they were tiny and it still protects them from infection. There is no evidence that continuing to breastfeed makes a toddler clingy-in fact the opposite may be the case. A toddler may seem big but emotionally they are still a baby. It's easier on mother and baby to let breastfeeding end gradually.

Breastfeeding bonuses

Nothing compares with breastmilk for growing healthy, clever babies.

No getting up to prepare bottles during the night.

Your baby's nappies won't smell bad.

No feeding equipment and expensive formula to buy for your baby.

Less to take with you when you go out with your baby.

Support for mothers is important

One very real problem is that many mothers don't receive enough support in the early days and months, and simply try to do too much. Most mothers who stop breastfeeding before they want to cite lack of support as the reason. They need time to recover and adjust, especially after a difﬁcult birth. Caring for a newborn really is a full time job, and that's before you add in essential jobs around the house and caring for any older children. All mothers need practical help and support.

The biggest challenges for all mothers are:

Getting enough sleep.

Keeping up with basic housework.

Lack of emotional support.

Isolation

The help you give can make a lot of difference to a new mother, especially when her baby seems to be nursing all the time and is waking at night. Be sensitive to her needs. What you can offer and do will partly depend on whether you are a friend or family member, and the closeness of your relationship. Some mothers will want more practical help, others more emotional help-and a mother may have strong views on what help she will accept and from whom.

Ways to support a breastfeeding mother

You may be her partner, the baby's dad or mum, a family member or friend. All mothers need support, and whatever your relationship to her there are things you can do to help.

With baby:

Walks in the fresh air. Consider wearing baby in a sling or other carrier.

Go out and about; babies are social people.

Read and sing to baby-they'll love hearing your voice.

Take a bath together, or bathe them in the baby bath. Many babies love bathtime!

Sleep with them. Visit our page on Safer Sleep and the Breastfed Baby.

Hold them on your chest while they nap to help your baby feel safe and relaxed.

Nappy changes are perfect for games and chat.

Talk to your baby about things around the house.

Take your baby to their mother whenever they need her.

Use the Magic Baby Hold: with your baby's back against your front, bring your left arm over their left shoulder (one arm on either side of yours), and hold their right thigh.

Try other comfort techniques.

Jiggle and sway. Babies tend to like side- to- side motion.

For the breastfeeding mother:

Make sure she has food and drinks.

Cut her food up for her if she's holding the baby!

Hold the baby so she can take a shower.

Help her get good help if she needs it.

Guard against too many visitors. Let others know when you need to be alone. Protect mum and baby from over-enthusiastic visitors and callers, and try to ensure you all have some peaceful uninterrupted time together. Turn off the phone and put a 'do not disturb' sign on the front door.

Look after older children. Provide fun activities and opportunity for exercise. Try to meet their needs for attention, sleep and healthy food.

Fight off any pressure to separate mum and baby. Help mum and baby spend lots of time snuggling together in the hours and days after birth.

What breastfeeding mothers say when asked what would help

"The best presents for a new mum are home cooked meals frozen in take away tubs- ready meals but real food!"
"Order a box set & takeaway!"
"I need friends supporting me, sharing laughter and tears, coffee and cake"
"Make sure I have water, muslin, remote control, phone, book & cake"
"Bring me snacks that are tasty, healthy and one-handed!"
"When it's really hot and my baby is going through a growth spurt, bring me long, cool glasses of water!"
"The best way anyone can help is by taking care of the pile of washing up!"
"Call me during the day to say 'Hi!' and ask how I'm doing""Please don't try and give my baby formula, the moment you do you undermine my confidence in my body's ability to sustain my baby"
"Give me support & encouragement and tell people who criticise or question me that I'm doing ok"
"Don't tell me it is 'normal' and that I should persevere if I am in pain"
"Pass me the phone with a breastfeeding counsellor on the other end if I'm in pain"
"Never say 'well you are breastfeeding' when I say I'm tired"
"Tell me it's ok to take one feed at a time"
"Give me a thumbs up!"
"Tell me my baby is beautiful""Take my older children to the park"

Below is lots of information about supporting a breastfeeding mother, divided into different sections. You may find useful information in all of the sections regardless of your own role and relationship to mum and baby.

What about partners?
Your baby doesn't need you to feed them.* So what can you do? Anything else! You are The Safe Person Who Is Not Mum.
Whether or not you are your baby's biological parent, and whatever your family looks like, your partner needs your support. In the early days, your baby will probably want to breastfeed a lot of the time they are awake. At this stage, your partner may only be managing to eat, sleep and nurse the baby. This is normal.

At first their mother and nursing will be the centre of your baby's world. Don't worry if you find you don't get to hold your baby for long before their mum is needed again. A baby's bond with their mother is the basis for all other relationships. Encouraging the closeness with mum will strengthen their love for you later. Soon that tiny baby will be reaching out to the rest of the world. They will want all the fun and excitement you can give!

You are different. Your shape, voice, hands, and smell are different. You hold baby differently. You teach them that different can be good, and when they are frazzled you may be just the difference that your baby needs needs.

As life settles down you and your partner will probably both need time to adjust to your new roles as parents. Many women say they didn't feel prepared for the emotional upheaval they experienced on becoming a mother. You'll also find lots of changes in your life.

Breastfeeding mothers often feel an intense connection with their baby, both emotionally and physically, due to breastfeeding hormones and the practical need to stay close to feed the baby. It can be easy to feel a bit left out of this. Try to get involved in practical ways. It will help you bond with your baby-your partner will love you for it and so will your baby.

You may both find that your baby becomes central to your life-their needs being met before either of yours. This is nature's way of ensuring babies get what they need to thrive.

Your first job is to support breastfeeding, not compete with it. A "relief bottle" may seem helpful, but it's more likely to cause breastfeeding problems and health risks for baby. Protect your partner from criticism and tell her she's doing a good job. Protect your partner from well meaning but unhelpful advice that undermines breastfeeding-even if it comes from your own mum!

Admire and praise your baby's mother. Your love and encouragement will work wonders. Firmly resist pressures to feed baby anything other than mum's own milk before he is six months old. Your baby doesn't need other foods until they can sit up and begin to feed themselves. Even then, breastmilk carries on being an important food for older babies and toddlers.

*Some non-gestational mothers do breastfeed their babies. See the section Two women having a baby

What about dads?

Dads feel different, they often have deep voices and a different smell. They move and hold a baby differently. At the end of a long day, dad, with all his special differences, can be just what baby and mother need. Dads are fun and have a special gift for playing with babies. They play the sort of exciting games babies enjoy. Your baby will adore your singing and funny noises (even if mum doesn't). And you'll probably enjoy your baby's toys as much as he does! Dads are just as good at cuddles as mums. A great way to comfort your baby is to use a carrier-babies usually love them and it's a handy way to settle your baby. At times when your baby is fussy or uncomfortable and nothing else works, the colic hold is a dad's speciality.

Caring for your baby teaches them that love comes from interacting with people as well as from food.

Try some of suggestions in the section above Ways to support a breastfeeding mother.

You can support your baby's mother by making the most of your paternity leave. Take as long as you can manage. Take it when the mother and baby would otherwise be at home alone. Concentrate just on the needs of mum, baby and any other children. Let everything else wait.

Meet your baby's need for you. Your baby needs you to be a dad, not a substitute mother. Spend time with your baby and enjoy your unique father-baby relationship.

Two women having a baby

For lesbian couples, if you're the non-gestational parent you may feel left out - especially if you have to explain you are the baby's mother too. Finding support for yourself and your breastfeeding partner is important. Your partner and your baby need you now, and your baby will need you more and more as they grow. You could be entitled to paid leave although your employer may not be aware of this, there are resources in Further Reading that might help.

In some couples two mothers do share breastfeeding; others find different ways to connect, you'll find lots of ideas in the section above Ways to support a breastfeeding mother.

Deciding to share breastfeeding, and how you do that, are personal decisions. You can read about how one couple shared breastfeeding here:

You will find resources in Further Reading, or contact your local LLL Leader who can help you talk about your options.

What about other family members?

Is the new baby in your family breastfed? New research has shown that breastfeeding is important for the baby's health and development and for the mother's health, both now and in the future. It's even good for the environment.

Research has found that breastfeeding works best when the baby is fed in response to hunger cues, not on a schedule. That's usually quite frequently, especially in the beginning. Fortunately, you can't feed too often.

Sore nipples aren't an expected part of breastfeeding; they are a sign that something isn't quite right. With some expert help, the mother should soon be breastfeeding comfortably.

Most medical experts, including the NHS and the World Health Organization, recommend that babies be breastfed exclusively- no formula or solid foods- for six months or so, and continue breastfeeding with solid foods added to their diet into these toddler years-even two years or more.

Much of this may be different from what you learned when you had your own babies. But guess what hasn't changed? New mothers still need lots of help, lots of support, and lots of loving family members around to prepare meals or throw in a load of laundry. They need people to be patient with them as they figure out both breastfeeding and motherhood. And babies still need their grandparents, aunties, uncles, cousins, siblings and other family members to love them. Your practical help and support are a golden investment in your family's future, and in your lives together.

What about visitors?

Prioritise tasks: the needs of people are best dealt with before housework. Avoid trying to take over baby care or expecting to be entertained when you visit. Concentrate on 'mothering the mother' and helping with household jobs.

Offer practical help with housework and essential tasks: grocery shopping, laundry, preparing meals or providing a meal that can simply be reheated, leaving her a sandwich lunch, washing up and cleaning the kitchen, t idying and vacuuming.

Bring her the things she needs while nursing: eg drinks, snacks, pillows, books, the TV remote, her mobile.

Make her a drink and offer your company for a while.

Tell her how well she's doing.

Listen if she is feeling worried, tired, or overwhelmed. She might find it easier to talk to you about her worries than to close family.

Help her ﬁnd another mother to talk to.

Help with the baby and any older children: changing nappies; care for the baby while mum sleeps, goes to the loo, takes a short walk or a bath.

Entertain and care for older children. Perhaps take them out for a walk, to the park or invite them round to play with your children. Help with the school run or taking older children to after school activities.

Other ways to help

Welcome breastfeeding so the mum feels comfortable nursing in your presence, be a breastfeeding advocate. Avoid undermining her conﬁdence by asking negative questions like, "Are you sure the baby is getting enough to eat?" or, "Why aren't they sleeping through the night yet?". Offer a sympathetic ear rather than advice when she complains or seems tired-try to support and encourage.

Find out about what is normal for nursing babies of different ages. Remember that breastfeeding problems have breastfeeding solutions. Bottles or weaning are rarely the answer.

Encourage or help the mum to ﬁnd the support she needs. Mothers can easily get skilled help from an LLL Leader by calling our Helpline.
An offer to take the mother to her local LLL group when she feels ready may be very welcome. It can be hard to get out of the house when you have a new baby.

Many mothers will appreciate having someone familiar with them when they go to a new group for the ﬁrst time, and any woman is welcome at meetings. Some groups may also run meetings for couples.

When a mum has no support

LLL meetings are a great place to meet other mothers and to share experiences. If there is no LLL group in your area you may be able to attend online meetings, and join Facebook groups to get support and share experiences with other breastfeeding mums. Contact us for details.

Homestart are a national charity who help families with young children. Their website has lots of practical ideas and stories, and also details of how to contact Homestart in your area.

Your Health Visitor will have details of local activities including post natal groups. Libraries and playgroups are good places to meet other mums.

If you, or a mum you are supporting, is feeling depressed or down you might find useful information on our Adjusting To Motherhood page.

Written by mothers of LLLGB and adapted by Ellen Mateer. The original text of Supporting a Breastfeeding Mother was sponsored by Jill Welsh in memory of her mother, Rose Wesby, who encouraged her to breastfeed and showed her the gentle art of mothering.

Further Reading
Amazing Milk
Beginning Breastfeeding
Comfortable Breastfeeding
Caesarean Birth & Breatsfeeding
Dummies & Breastfeeding
Is My Baby Getting Enough Milk
Out and About With Your Breastfed Baby
Parenting when you partners breastfeeds
Rhythms & Routines
Safe Sleep and the Breastfed Baby
Smoking & Breastfeeding
Starting Solid Food
Relactation & Induced Lactation
Mothers on ... support from our nearest & dearest
LLL's father concept - it's not just about dads!
Relactation and Induced Lactation
The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding LLLI. London: Pinter & Martin, 2010.

Other online Information
Breastfeeding in a Same-Sex (Female) Relationship
Induced Lactation and the Newman-Goldfarb Protocols for Induced Lactation
Breastfeeding Without Birthing

The information on this page is adapted from Supporting a Breastfeeding Mother and Parenting when your partner breastfeeds which are available to buy in printed form from our shop.

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Supporting a Breastfeeding Mother - La Leche League GB

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New parents need time to adjust to their new roles. Life may change dramatically, especially for a ﬁrst time mother-many women say they didn't feel prepared for the emotional upheaval they experienced on becoming a mother. Even experienced mothers can have difﬁculties juggling the needs of the new baby with those of older children.

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https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/08/Baby-Friendly-responsive-bottle-feeding-tips-red-book-p4.pdf

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https://globalhealthmedia.org/portfolio-items/expressing-the-first-milk/?portfolioID=5623

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Is Your Baby Getting Enough Milk - Video - Global Health Media Project

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A common concern of a new mother is whether her baby is getting enough milk. This video shows signs to tell whether the baby is feeding well.

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- The National Breastfeeding Helpline - 0300 100 0212
- Association of Breastfeeding Mothers – 0300 330 5453
- La Leche League – 0345 120 2918
- NCT – 0300 330 0700

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Baby Cafes Near You

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Monday 9.30 - 11.30am Mount Pleasant Breastfeeding Café Mount Pleasant Children's Centre, Newton Lane, DL3 9HE Tel: 01326406345 Monday 2.00 - 3.30pm Dodmire Breastfeeding Café Dodmire Children's Centre Rydal Road, DL1 4BH Tel: 01325 406177 Wednesday 9.30 - 11.30am McNay Street Breastfeeding Café Creche room McNay Street Children's centre 2 McNay Street, DL3 6SW Tel: 01325 406250 Wednesday 1.00 - 3.00pm Skerne Park Breastfeeding Café Skerne Park Children's Centre Coleridge Gardens, DL1 5AJ Tel: 01325 405600 Thursday 9.30 - 11.30am Dolphin Centre Breastfeeding Café Market Place Darlington DL3 0BD Tel: 01325 746367

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https://www.bestbeginnings.org.uk/feeding-out-and-about/3d272399-9120-4d5f-b619-aae5193bfe93

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https://www.nct.org.uk/parenting/breastfeeding-concerns

https://www.bestbeginnings.org.uk/overcoming-challenges/c6ceec70-9356-40ea-8b4d-3347272f6623