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1. What is called "unifying" (1.1)? Why?

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1. What is called "unifying" (1.1)? Why?

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Music is a unifying aspect of human life. This is because every human society and every culture has music as an integral part.

It is also because there's no culture in the world that does not involve music, which is the unifying characteristics of human culture.

YES! Accurate response- Jenny, Aarthi, Akhil, Cathy, James, Elaine, Qin, and Claire.

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2. What is the complete definition of pitch? In other words, how can the phenomenon of pitch (as perceived by humans) be described?

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2. What is the complete definition of pitch? In other words, how can the phenomenon of pitch (as perceived by humans) be described?

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The music instrument vibrates in a set, prescribed way, pushing the air in the environment of the instrument. This creates pulses through the air, which are actually fluctuations in air pressure.  The closeness of these pulses is called pitch.
Pitch--the quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; the degree of highness or lowness of a tone.
Pitch is presented by the frequency of air vibration around the instrument that was played, the higher the frequency, the higher the pitch is.

This should focus on the complete definition. Complete meaning the process. Lines 28-35.

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3. What's the point of ll. 37-43 ("So we may need...")?

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3. What's the point of ll. 37-43 ("So we may need...")?

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If there is a sound that isn't perceived by humans, is there a really sound?
This part is to emphasize the fact that we can hear sounds only because our brains can process them as sounds rather than vibrations of the air.

Elaine, James, Shari and David-- Yes, this is to show that pitch is a perceptual phenomenon. Nice work.

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4. 




Are the limits of human hearing the same as the
range of pitch that humans perceive? Explain.

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4. 




Are the limits of human hearing the same as the
range of pitch that humans perceive? Explain.

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No, because we can hear the sound between 20Hz~20,000Hz, however, the sound below 30-35Hz or above 4,000Hz, We do not perceive it as a distinct musical note.

Elaine, James, Shari, and David- Right,. Perception: 30-4K Hz; Detection: 20->4K Hz. (lines 45-55).

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5. Explain the difference between octaves and overtones. 

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5. Explain the difference between octaves and overtones. 

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Octaves means the distance between the highest and lowest notes on an eight-note scale. Overtones are the higher frequencies that we can only hear one note instead of a series of notes. When we hear a series frequencies of one note, we can only hear the lowest frequency and overtones are the higher frequencies we assume it as one note.

An octave is one complete 8-note range. When two different frequencies, in which one is the double of other, we perceive it as the same note in the same pitch, except one octave apart. Overtones are all the higher double multiples of the fundamental frequency of one note, which is all perceived as one by the human ear.

Candice, Liqun, Akhil, Cathy, Jenny, Aarthi, Shari and David:
Good information - to be more precise: Octaves are Overtones, but Overtones include other notes that are not Octaves. Octaves occur when frequency is doubled. Overtones are all notes that are multiples of the original frequency.

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6. 






Discuss whether the text
indicates overtones are important in the perception of pitch.

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6. 






Discuss whether the text
indicates overtones are important in the perception of pitch.

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Overtones are important in the perception of pitch because our fingers can absorb all the fundamental frequency leaving the higher frequencies(the overtones) to make sound. Overtones are also involved in shaping a musical instrument 's tone or sound quality , called timbre.

Candice, Liqun, Akhil, Cathy, Jenny, Aarthi, Shari and David: Are overtones important to the perspective of speech? Possibly no. The brain eliminates the Overtones to detect the fundamental pitch.

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7. 




What is the relationship between “overtones” and
“harmonics”?

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7. 




What is the relationship between “overtones” and
“harmonics”?

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They refer to a same thing: higher frequency sounds of the same note.
They are synonyms- higher frequencies of the note at fundamental frequency, perceived as the same note by us.
Agree with the first one.

Yes, synonyms, Shari, David, Jenny, Aarthi, Qin, Claire, Akhil, and Cathy.

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8. What is harmony? Why would I ask you this question? :) 

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8. What is harmony? Why would I ask you this question? :) 

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Harmony is a pleasing combination of different things. In this passage, harmony refers to the combination of different musical notes played at the same time to produce a pleasing sound. Because harmonics produce harmonies so harmonics is key to harmonies.

Harmony refers to unity, and in this case, the unified way in which the notes are heard. In this context, they refer to the harmonized hearing of the 'harmonics', and it could be possible that some particular frequencies were called harmonics due to the similarity in notes heard by us.

Shari, David, Jenny, Aarthi, Qin, Claire, Akhil, and Cathy: This question is asked because harmony is related to timbre, which is the main component of music. It's also related to harmonics. We're just playing with different word forms. :)

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9. The text says that the brain "uses harmonics for other purposes" (ll. 92-3). What are these purposes? Describe the purposes in detail (that is, how are harmonics involved). 

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9. The text says that the brain "uses harmonics for other purposes" (ll. 92-3). What are these purposes? Describe the purposes in detail (that is, how are harmonics involved). 

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Harmonics are used to differentiate instruments and sound sources, which can be done by figuring out how instruments are amplifying sounds,  the contacts made by players to the instruments, and also the instrumental flux.

Harmonics can be involved in timbre and musical character such as perception of pitch, volume, duration of notes, speed of playing, which is the main characteristic we could use to distinguish different sounds in our daily life.

Our brain can perceive different overtones or harmonics, which one of the elements to help people to distinguish different sounds.

Good work, Jenny, Aarthi, Qin, Claire, James, and Elaine.

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10. What is the purpose of ll. 94-107? How important would you rate this paragraph in terms of understanding the main idea of the text?

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10. What is the purpose of ll. 94-107? How important would you rate this paragraph in terms of understanding the main idea of the text?

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To give an example of harmonics that the finger absorbs the fundamental frequency and leaves the harmonics  when we put a finger on a guitar string and plug it. Not that important for the whole article. The main idea of the article is discussing how human brain receive pitches and the factors making instruments' timbre different. Overtones are not that important when seeing this article as a whole.

Yes, a real life example, Natalie, Annie, Candice, and Liqun.

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11. Would you say that the paragraph in ll. 122-137 is equal in importance (or lack of importance) to the paragraph in ll. 94-107? 

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11. Would you say that the paragraph in ll. 122-137 is equal in importance (or lack of importance) to the paragraph in ll. 94-107? 

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122-137 is more important than 94-107. Because 94-107 only gives an example of harmonics, which is presented in the paragraph before. But 122-137 gives us a new idea about how shapes effect timbre.
The information about timbre is part of the main idea, so lines 122-137 is more important than lines 94-107.

Great answer, another real life example (Same as 10), Natalie, Annie, Candice, and Liqun.

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12. Do ll. 133-137 make you want to revise your description in question 9? 

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12. Do ll. 133-137 make you want to revise your description in question 9? 

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No, it actually provided extra support for the purpose of harmonics.

No, it added further evidence and support for the other uses of harmonics by the brain.
No, it's just more extension of the previous text.

Right, not really, Jenny, Aaarthi, Qin, Claire, James and Elaine.

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13. What are the other components of timbre? Describe them in detail.  Is there evidence that they are significant?

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13. What are the other components of timbre? Describe them in detail.  Is there evidence that they are significant?

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The other components of timbre are loudness of overtones, initial burst of sound, flux, volume,duration of notes, speed at which it can be played and the number of notes it can play concurrently . Yes there is evidence that these components are significant.
Loudness of overtones refers to the way an instrument amplifies or dampens harmonics. It is further influenced by the shape of instrument. We think the first group should delete this sentence: "volume,duration of notes, speed at which it can be played and the number of notes it can play concurrently" because this is the dimension of sound rather than that of timbre.
Other dimension of timbre should be duration of notes, speed at which it can be played and the number of notes it can play concurrently. Loudness of overtones, initial burst of sound and flux are three major dimensions. And yes, there is evidence that they are significant.

Nice! Good information, Akhil, Cathy, David, Shari, Natalie and Annie!

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14. What significance do you attribute to the last paragraph?

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14. What significance do you attribute to the last paragraph?

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It connects to the central idea of the article by saying that brain 's perception is the most important part and the components of sound are effected by the manner in which the brain processes these vibrations.
The same as the first group.

Akhil, Cathy, David, Shari, Natalie and Annie: Right, music is only music when it perceived by the human brain. Also, it's not just pitch and timbre--and even volume.