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(roo-THEE-nee-um)

Atomic Number 44
Group 8, block D, Period 5

Element Category -
Transition Metal

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Ruthenium is found in ores mixed with other metals such as rhodium, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold. The extraction is complex because of the other metals. The ore is first melted with sodium bisulphate and the resulting mixture extracted with water to give a solution containing rhodium sulphate. The insoluble residue contains the ruthenium. It's melted with Sodium Peroxide and extracted into the water to extract the ruthenium and osmium salts. It contains iridium oxide. The reaction of the salt and chlorine oxidises ruthenium tetroxide and osmium tetroxide. The ruthenium tetroxide is dissolved by treatment with hydrochloric acid to form H3RuCl6 and the ruthenium precipitated out as pure (NH4)3RuCl6 by treatment with NH4Cl. Evaporation to dryness and burning under hydrogen gas gives pure ruthenium.

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Ruthenium compounds are most often used in Solar Cells and chip resistors. It is the most effective hardener for palladium and platinum and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts. It's used in some jewelry as an alloy with platinum.

Ruthenium is used mostly in alloys. It gives it two properties, it hardens alloys,  and makes it resistant to attack by oxygen and other materials.

A second important use of ruthenium is in catalysts. A catalyst is a substance used to speed up or slow down a chemical reaction without undergoing any change itself. Ruthenium catalysts may provide a way of changing light energy into electrical energy.

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Naturally occurring isotopes of ruthenium is made up of 7 stable isotopes. There has been 27 radioactive isotopes discovered.
The stable isotopes are
Ru-96, Ru-98,  Ru-99,
Ru-100, Ru-101,Ru-102,
Ru-104 .
Ruthenium isotopes are used in several scientific and medical applications. Ru-99 is used for NMR studies. Ru-96 is used for the production of the radioisotopes Ru-94 and Ru-95. Ru-98 has been used to study excitations in the atomic nuclei. Ru-100 is used for isomeric cross section studies. Ru-101 is used for studies relating to structure and vibrations of  nuclei.

Total list of Isotopes:
87Ru , 88Ru ,89Ru , 90Ru, 91Ru, 91mRu, 91Ru, 92Ru, 93Ru, 93m1Ru, 93Ru, 93m2Ru, 94Ru, 94mRu, 95Ru, 96Ru, 97Ru , 98Ru ,99Ru , 100Ru , 101Ru - Fission Product, 101mRu , 102Ru - Fission Product, 103Ru - Fission Product, 103mRu, 104Ru - Fission Product, 105Ru - Fission Product, 106Ru - Fission Product, 107Ru, 108Ru , 109Ru, 110Ru , 111Ru , 113Ru, 113mRu , 114Ru, 115Ru , 116Ru , 117Ru, 118Ru, 119Ru, and 120Ru.

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Atomic Weight- 101.7
Density-  12.37 g/cm
Melting Point- 2334 degrees Celsius
Boiling Point- 4150 degrees Celsius
Atomic Number- 44
DOT Hazard class- 4.1
DOT Numbers- 3089
Valence- 6
Electronegativity- 22
Electron Affinity- 101.3 KJ/mol
Ionization Energies- 710.2, 1620, 2747 kJ/mol
Speed of Sound- 5970
Mohs Hardness- 6.5
Phase- Solid
Absolute Melting Point- 2607 degrees celsius
Absolute Boiling Point-
4423 degrees celsius
Heat of Fusion- 25.7 KJ/mol
Heat of vaporization- 580 kJ/mol
Thermal Conductivity- 120 w/ (m k)

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http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ru.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium
http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/ru.html
https://www.webelements.com/ruthenium/
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/44/ruthenium

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Ruthenium was discovered  by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844 in Russia. The origin of the name is from the Latin word "Ruthenia" meaning "Russia." Choosing the name for the new element, Claus stated: "I named the new body, in honor of my Motherland, ruthenium. I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry." Claus isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of production.  Not only did Claus isolate Ruthenium, but was able to determine the atomic weight and chemical properties. He also noted that Ruthenium was similar to rhodium, palladium, and platinum. For this discovery, he has been rewarded the Demidov Prize of 5,000 rubles. Although, it is possible that Śniadecki isolated element 44 in 1807 (which he called "vestium" after the asteroid Vesta).