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Overview: A Cataract is when a cloudy area in the eye interferes with light reaching the retina from the lens. Cataracts don't usually form in both eyes at the same time but there are some exceptions. Overall, cataracts start causing issues with vision as they slowly develop so its not an immediate loss.

Symptoms: blurry vision, trouble seeing at night, color vision fades, increased glare sensitivity, halos around light, double vision, and a need for changes in prescription glasses.

Causes: an over production of antioxidants, smoking, ultraviolet radiation, long-term use of steroids/other medications, certain diseases such as diabetes, trauma, and radiation therapy.

Treatment: doctors can either do surgery to remove the cataract or they can prescribe stronger eye glasses, magnifying lenses, or sunglasses with an antiglare coating.

Outlook: it can cause blindness if left long enough, but luckily it is treatable with surgery.

By: Allison Cockrell, Todd Puckett, and Logan

Image: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/cataracts-pictures-videos

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Hypertensive Retinopathy           Overview: High blood pressure causes the retina’s blood vessels to become narrow when the vessel walls thicken. This restricts blood from reaching the retina. The retina can become swollen and over time damage will be done to the vessels, retinal function will be limited and pressure will be put on the optic nerve causing visual impairment. In Grade 1 there is mild narrowing of the retinal artery. Grade 2 there are tighter constrictions of the artery called AV (arteriovenous) nipping.In Grade 3 there is  retinal edema, microaneurysms, cotton-wool spots (fluffy white lesions on the retina), and retinal hemorrhages.In Grade 4 there are severe signs of grade 3 and optic disc swelling called papilledema and macular edema. Grade 4 retinopathy shows higher risk for stroke and kidney or heart disease.    Symptoms: include reduced vision, eye swelling, bursting of blood vessel, and doubling vision accompanied by headaches. Symptoms don’t usually occur until the condition has progressed extensively.   Prolonged blood pressure or hypertension can cause HR. High blood pressure can be caused by a lack of physical activity,being overweight, eating too much salt, and being in a stressful environment.High blood pressure is also hereditary and is called the silent killer because of the lack of symptoms. 

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Hypertensive Retinopathy           Overview: High blood pressure causes the retina’s blood vessels to become narrow when the vessel walls thicken. This restricts blood from reaching the retina. The retina can become swollen and over time damage will be done to the vessels, retinal function will be limited and pressure will be put on the optic nerve causing visual impairment. In Grade 1 there is mild narrowing of the retinal artery. Grade 2 there are tighter constrictions of the artery called AV (arteriovenous) nipping.In Grade 3 there is  retinal edema, microaneurysms, cotton-wool spots (fluffy white lesions on the retina), and retinal hemorrhages.In Grade 4 there are severe signs of grade 3 and optic disc swelling called papilledema and macular edema. Grade 4 retinopathy shows higher risk for stroke and kidney or heart disease.    Symptoms: include reduced vision, eye swelling, bursting of blood vessel, and doubling vision accompanied by headaches. Symptoms don’t usually occur until the condition has progressed extensively.   Prolonged blood pressure or hypertension can cause HR. High blood pressure can be caused by a lack of physical activity,being overweight, eating too much salt, and being in a stressful environment.High blood pressure is also hereditary and is called the silent killer because of the lack of symptoms. 

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Dieting  and reducing the amount of salt you intake on a daily basis will help your blood pressure go down. Regular physical activity will also help lower blood pressure. It is also strongly advised that if you are a frequent smoker or drinker you stop completely in order to stabilize your blood pressure.  Your doctor may prescribe blood pressure medications such as diuretics, beta blockers, or ACE inhibitors. You can control this condition by controlling your blood pressure. If the problem get even more out of control you risk permanent blindness and nerve damage.  Changes in the retinal arteries is most of the time irreversible. Patents diagnosed with HR are at a higher risk for retinal artery and vein occlusions, and other problems of the retina. To prevent HR and High Blood Pressure eat a balanced diet , avoid smoking ,and get regular exercise.

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Overview: Glaucoma is an eye disease that can damage your optic nerve, the nerve that supplies visual information to your brain from our eyes. It is usually the result of abnormally high pressure inside your eye that can, over time, erode your optic nerve tissue, which can lead to vision loss or even blindness. However, if it's caught early, you might be able to prevent additional vision loss.

Symptoms: The only sign or symptom of primary open-angle glaucoma is gradual vision loss. However, narrow-angle glaucoma is a medical emergency and you should see a doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms: severe eye pain, seeing colored rings around lines, nausea, sudden vision disturbances.

Causes: Glaucoma is usually the result of extremely high pressure that erodes the optic nerve tissue. The high pressure is caused by a fluid called aqueous humor, which normally fills the front of your eye then drains, however if the pathway is blocked, it builds up, gradually eroding the optic nerve tissue and causing damage.

Treatment: There are several medications available in pills and eye drops. Eye drop medication is more common for use. Your doctor may use one or the other or even a combination. Surgery can also be used, if a blocked or slow channel is making he glaucoma worse, your doctor may suggest surgery to drain or destroy the tissue caused for the fluid.
The usual treatment for angle - closure glaucoma starts off as medicine; sometimes this may be unsuccessful. Then a laser procedure will be arranged called laser peripheral iridotomy.

Outlook: If increased glaucoma can be stopped or slowed, you'll most likely need treatments for the rest of your life. Any vision loss from glaucoma cannot be restored. Glaucoma can't be prevented, but it is still important to catch it and treat it as soon as you can. The way to catch glaucoma early is having an annual appointment with your ophthalmologist. Unfortunately glaucoma does not have a cure.

By: Audrey Worsham, Hannah Wood, and Blaise Moritz

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Overview: Retina Detachment is when the retinal detaches from the back of the eye and it can cause complete or partial loss of vision.
Symptoms: Blurred Vision, Sudden flashes of light when looking towards the side, and Areas of darkness in your field of vision.
Causes: Causes of Retina Detachment is eye injuries. And before it happens you will get alot of nearsightness. Sometimes having eye surgury will make it happen. Also if you have it in the family in the past 40 years its so much more greater to happen to you or someone in your family.
Treatment: If there is a small tear or hole in the retina a doctor may use photocoagulation or lazers. Another option is cryopexy which is intense cold and the doctor will apply a freezing probe and that will help hold it in place.
Outlook: The outlook depends on the severity of the case many can regain full vision others may not gain it back at all.

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Overview: Optic Neuritis is when your optic nerve becomes inflamed. It can flare up suddenly from infection or disease. It sometimes causes pain and you will have temporary vision loss.

Symptoms: 1. Vision loss in one eye: usually lasts around 7-10 days.
2. Periocular pain. 3. Dyschromatopsia: inability to see colors correctly

Causes: Most cases are idiopathic, but the most common cause is multiple sclerosis (MS). Other nerve diseases can also cause ON, such as neuromyelitis optica, and Schilder’s disease. Infections can also cause it, such as mumps or measles.

Treatment: Optic neuritis usually improves on its own. In some cases, steroid medications are used to reduce inflammation in the optic nerve. Possible side effects from steroid treatment include weight gain, mood changes, facial flushing, stomach upset and insomnia.

Outlook: There is no cure it usually improves on its own

By:
Sam Travis, Ray Landeros, Riley Leff

Image: http://www.nanosweb.org/files/Patient%20Brochures/English/OpticNeuritis_English.pdf

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Overview: Describe the impairment.

Symptoms: The number and detail depends on the impairment

Causes: What is actually making the problem; can include "underlying causes" but NOT  "contributing factors"
(images have to go to the bottom)

Treatment: What are the general treatment options? Surgery? Medicine?

Outlook: Is there a cure? Is the damage reversible? Will this condition worsen?

By: Comer (group memebers' names go here)

Image: must be relevant to your topic, and sited
Img source:

www.medicinenet.com/image-collection/eye_picture/picture.htm