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psuchologists today are less concerned with theories on perosnality but with analyzing traits, their origin, and their impact on behavior

gordon allport: interviews freud- believes he ignores the conscious/obvious, studies fundamental/ basic traits, believed their were 2800 traits, concerned with describing personality not explaining it

cattell: 16 traits done by factor analysis

tupes/christal: the big 5 trait dimensions is the most currently accepted personality theory (OCEAN)
Openness, Consscientiousness, Extraversion, AGreeableness, Neuroticism

Eysenck (hans/sybil): many indivual variations can be reduced to two or three genetically introduced dimensions, 3 traits (extrovert/introvert, stability/instability, neuroticism/psychoticism)

walter mischel: people's behavior appears consisent because of people's initial perceptions of them, initial perception stands out and we view later actions as supporting how we "think" they are. mean at first- we see them only doing mean things

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cognitive: our thought patterns influence personality

julian rotter: locus of control (internal v external)
internal- what happens to you is based on your doing
external- what happens to you is beyond your control

martin seligman: learned helplessness (dogs)

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people are mostly good
abraham maslow: hierarchy of nees, self actualization
carl rogers:
people are basically good
unconditional positive regard
personal growth is influenced bythose around, especialy those who are genuine and caring
self concept influences your perception of the world
+ image= + world
- image= - world

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Parents: marital status, parenting style, crticial eye of parent, parents' birth order, how strict they are
gender: double birth order
separate families: more than a five year gap, start a "new" family
adoption/remarriage

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Alfred Adler: believes problems stem from tensions in childhood social situations- childhood feelings of inferiority
We try to overcome these feelings of inferiority
Pros: leads to trying harder
Negatives: overcompensation
Inferiority complex: I'm not as good as......
Later found humanism
Ideas of birth order--impacts our personality

Where you are born in a family can have an effect on your personality
Oldest: responsible, mature, high achiever
Middle: easy going, friendly
Youngest: immature, funny, baby-like
Only child: much like the oldest, can have difficulties sharing (oldest/onlys should marry middles)

First born-
Common traits:
energetic, logical, ambitious, enterprising, scholarly

Middle born #1
loner, quiet shy, impatient, uptight

Middle born #2
outgoing, friendly, loud, laid back, patient

Last born
risk takers, idealists, good sense of humor, hard working, immature, attention seeking, secretive, sensitive

Only child
mature faster, get along well with older people, responsible, self-centered, perfectionists

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Gave women a voice, tries to discredit Freud's opinion that women had weaker superegos and penis envy

Basic anxiety are feelings of insecurity resulting from feelings of loneliness and isolation during childhood

ways of coping with anxiety:

1. Compliant (submit to others)

2. Aggressive (hostile towards others)

3. Detached (withdraw from others)

Disagreed with Penis Envy so created Womb envy

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1. Oral stage (0-1.5)

Pleasure center in mouth

Fixations: oral fixation

Dependency

2. Anal stage (1.5-3.5)

Pleasure center in anus & elimination

Fixations:

Anal retentive:

personality is stingy

compulsive seeking of order and tidiness

generally stubborn

perfectionist

Anal expulsive:

lack of self control

generally messy

careless

3. Phallic Stage (3.5-6)

Pleasure center in genitals

Jealousy of same sex parent

Fixations:

Oedipus complex- replace father and marry mother

Electra complex- replace mother and marry father [K. Horney]

Penis envy- women's desire to possess same organ as men

Womb envy- men's desire to possess same organ as men [K. Horney]

Cinderella complex- fear of independence and want to be cared for by opposite sex

Peter pan complex- desire to remain young forever

4. Latency period (6-12)

Lose interest in opposite sex

Cootie period

5. Genital stage (puberty)

Full adult sexuality

Must work on "fixations"

Unresolved problems surface

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Repression: forgetting situations that would cause painful emotions

Denial: rejection (refusing to acknowledge) an intolerable reality

Rationalization: substituting a more acceptable but false reason for one's behavior (the teachers hate me, thats why I failed)

Reaction Formation: modifying an anxiety-causing impulse by performing in ways opposite to one's true feelings (you hate someone but to their face act like their best friend; you like a girl but pull her hair instead)

Projection: seeing one's personality traits, attitudes, or faults in others but not in oneself (my sisters calling me fat)

Regression: retreating to an earlier developmental level involving less mature responses (boys when they are sick)

Undoing: atoning for and thus counteracting desires or acts that are regrettable (apologizing)

Sublimation: people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

Displacement: shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person (kick the dog)

Compensation: covering up weaknesses or frustration by over gratifying oneself in another area (practice your sport instead of studying more because you struggle at school but are a good athlete)

Fantasy: gratifying frustrated desires in imaginary achievements (daydreaming)

Identification: increasing one's feeling of self-worth by identifying oneself with people or places of importance

Intellectualization: people use extensive vocabulary to explain relatively simple terms (Reid on Criminal Minds)

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present at birth. completely unconscious pleasure principle. all needs shoulld be satisfied  immediately. unsatisfied needs>anxiety
wish fulfillment, forming a mental image of a situation that satisfies the instinct eg. dreams

controls thinking and reasoning, operates in conscious and preconscious, reality principe, safely & successfully meet needs of ID

if only had ID & EGO? unsocial, selfish

What's missing? Morality/conscience

moral watchdog, not present at birth, compares ego's actions with "ego ideal"
EGO IDEAL:

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Carl Jung

used to study under Freud

disagreed with the importance he placed on sex

1. Theory has 2 unconscious: personal- no man's land (if chosen)

collective- influential

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Psychoanalytic theory/ Psychodynamic Theory
Psyche (mind) + Dynamic (energy)= Personality
Unconscious (really important to freud!!)
Studied all men, very sexist, obsessed with sex (libido) and aggression, detailed dream analysis/ wrote many books, blamed mom for everything

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2 types: objective & projective (no right or wrong answers)
Objective personality test: from outside sources/paper tests
3 types:
1. Interview
A. Directed (structured)
B. Non-directed (unstructured/free response)
2.Observation
3. Self Interview
A. t/f- MMPI
B. Agreement Scale (Likert Scale)
C. Adjective checklist
D. Aspects rating (1-10)

Strengths?: easy, fast, consistent scoring
Weaknesses? superficial, you can figure the tests out

Projective personality test: from the inside-personal
3 types:
1. Word Association Tests
A. Stimulus words
B. Can explain response
2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A. uses pictures
B. imagination
C. Henry murray
3. Rorschach Test
A. Inkblots
B. What do you see?
C. Hermann Rorschach

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Personality: the sum total of characteristics that classify someone as an individual

Role: this is a persona you play in society

1. Body Self: Physical traits & abilities

2. Social Self: How others see you, you perform how people expect you to: self-fulfilling prophecy

3. Private Self: Your Inner world, your,feelings & attitudes

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Objective tests

1. Openness

2. Contientiousness

3. Extra-version

4. Aggreableness

5. Neuroticism

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Name 5 personality qualities of yourself:

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Name 5 personality qualities of yourself:

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Kind
Stressed
Caring
Funny
Quiet

Jonah about me:
Very nice
Stressed
Humorous
Caring
Funny