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Sensorimotor- Object permanence. During the first year they gain the ability to see that objects which have disappeared do not cease to exist.

Preoperational- Lack of conservation. If objects change shape

Concrete Operational- Ability to conserve and to form simple operations. Children think literally.

Formal Operational- Young people think abstractly

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By conducting cross-cultural research, ethnocentrism was certainly minimised as we are not applying our own behaviours, standards and norms to other cultures without them being researched. However, critics would argue that the research is culturally biased as Canada is not representative of all western cultures and China is not representative of non-Western cultures.

The standardised procedure and scenarios make the study easy to replicate. Also, giving children four stories allowed Lee to see whether consistent responses are given in each of the different stories. If so results can be considered to be reliable.

Counterbalancing to reduce order effects, matching age and gender in the different groups and randomly allocating participants to groups were all techniques used to reduce confounding variables and therefore increase internal validity.

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There were a number of similarities between the two groups, mainly their similarity in negative ratings of lying in antisocial situations and their positive ratings of truth telling.

However chinese children differed from Canadian children in their evaluations of truth- telling and lying in prosocial situations. Overall Chinese participants tended to rate truth telling less positively than their Canadian counterparts.
70% of Chinese 11 year olds rated lying positively in prosocial stories compared to 25% of Chinese 7 year olds.

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Lee et al. made the following conclusions about lying and truth telling: There is a close relationship between socio-cultural practices and moral judgements. Specific social and cultural norms have an impact on children’s developing moral judgements, which are modified by age and experience within a culture. Chinese children rate truth telling in prosocial situations less positively and lie telling in the same situations less negatively than Canadian children. All children showed similar moral evaluations of lie telling and truth telling related to anti-social behaviour. Moral development is affected by the culture and environment in which individuals are socialised. For example, Chinese children’s moral judgements are affected by self-effacement and modesty.

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For each cultural group half were randomly assigned to a social story or physical story condition. The participants were read aloud four different stories each. The stories were written to be familiar to school children in both cultures. Two of the stories were known as prosocial and the others are antisocial. At the end of the four stories, the child character was asked by the teacher who had carried out the deed. In two of the stories the child character lied and in the others they are told the truth.

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Heinz Dilemma   Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development Interactive Animation mp4

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WHY did you do that? HOW many times do we need to discuss this? WHEN will you understand? Most Parents did not sit through 4 years of Psychology neither are they specialist at Parenting but, we are resourceful and most of us do a pretty darn good job. HELP!

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There has been limited research into children’s moral development of lying and the research that has been conducted has been done with children in Western countries. The aim of this study was to test the effect of culture on children’s moral evaluations of lying and truth telling by comparing the moral judgements of Canadian children and Chinese children.