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Questions:
Policy level or school level?
Money

idea:
Bridged the achievement gap between bilingual students and native language speakers

Solutions:
- Bilingual teacher's aides
- Reaching out to the community (parents, college students, community rec centers, etc.) for volunteers who will want to be involved in the kids education (classroom teacher's aides).

Need to know:
Specific school volunteer protocol and process
Reach out to professors in college, parents, community clubs
Backgrounds check & specific qualifications of the volunteers

Issues?
Parents worried about unqualified persons in classrooms?
Money involved?

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With all of this history of problems with Mexican American and Native American students, how can the system still be fixed to help out these students that are far behind?

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Additional Resources - Mexican Americans

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Additional Resources - Mexican Americans

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https://www.nps.gov/heritageinitiatives/latino/latinothemestudy/education.htm

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http://www.nrcprograms.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_hist_boardingschools

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Globalization: Language and Cultural rights. 

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Globalization: Language and Cultural rights. 

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-Language and culture in schools is becoming more of a contested topic with the influx of multicultural students.
-Tove Skutnabb-Kangas talked about one important idea that is the protection of the mother tongue, or the language a person learns first.
-Everybody should have the right to:
-Identify with their mother tongue and be respected.
-Learn the mother tongue fully in regards to Oral, and written language.
-Use the mother tongue in most official situations including school.
-This means that students would have the right to bilingual education.
-Should students receive this? One thought is that it can happen if the majority of the students in the school have a different mother tongue.
-They also state that it is also very important to learn the dominant tongue of the country.
-While this is important we cannot neglect the cultural tongues and ideas from our ancestors.
-The native american people and other native groups have lost a vast amount o their culture due to Americanization.

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Dominant, Dominated, and Immigrant cultures

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Dominant, Dominated, and Immigrant cultures

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-Dominated cultures are those that are forced into incorporating into the US.
-Slaves are an example of a Dominated culture.
-Native Americans were also dominated and "Americanized" by the settlers of the new world.
-A third group to be dominated would be the Mexican Americans after the treaty of Guadalupe.
-Immigrant culture is defined as people that freely came to a new Country.
-A first generation immigrant is someone who made the immigration themselves.
-A second generation immigrant is someone who is the child of a first generation immigrant and was born in the target country.
-The Dominant culture is that of the majority of people, and of those that are imposing their culture on others.

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-When educating multicultural students it is important to realize that these students can view the world in the two cultures they identify with at home.
-This can be a problem for students coming from other cultures. Many of the immigrant students come from countries that are very holistic and the transition to a more individualistic country like the US  can have problems in learning.
-Individualistic countries and people tend to look more at personal attributes and feelings, with a focus on their own individual goals.
-Collectivist societies and people base their happiness on their relationship with others, and their fulfillment of their duties to the group.
-Biculturalism is a result of hybriding of cultures.
-This hybrid can result in students having one set of identity at home, and a separate one at school or in public.

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Timeline of decisions affecting Mexican Immigrants 

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Timeline of decisions affecting Mexican Immigrants 

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Mexican American Students and US Schools

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Mexican American Students and US Schools

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-Mexican and other Central/South American people were seen as a different manifest.
-1848 the Treaty of Guadalupe at the end of the Mexican-American War brought up problems with legalization of Mexican Immigrants.
-The treaty did provide citizenship for the people who the border crossed them over.
-This includes people in California, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona Utah, and Texas.
-However when this happened, the now Mexican Americans were having an "Identity Crisis" of sorts, where in some states they were considered Caucasian, while in others non-Caucasian.
-This classification caused problems in regards to the segregation of students in schools.
-The language requirements in these very Hispanic heavy areas were all transitioned to English only where the schools were only allowed to teach in English.
-Many Spanish speakers tried to get around this by sending their kids to catholic schools or other alternative schools.
-Labor wise there was a conundrum for the children of immigrants. Farmers did not want them to go to school because they would have less laborers, and parents of the children did not want them to go due to the loss of income contributed by the students.
-Education was used as a from of social control
-Those students that did go to school were faced with segregation and racist ideas used to keep them away
-legal cases were stated to help remove segregation.
-In 1945 they ruled in a counter case that the segregation was for "Special needs" due to the students coming from Spanish speaking households and not based on race.
-1946 Mendez et. al vs. Westminster School District of California ruled that due to the segregation the students were "retarded in learning English by lack of exposure".
-Even with these desegregation efforts many students with Spanish surnames were still in predominately Mexican Schools.
-Cisernos vs. Corpus Christi Independent School District the government finally recognizes Mexican American as an identifiable group.

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Global Migration and Immigration acts of 1965 and 1990

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Global Migration and Immigration acts of 1965 and 1990

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-Migration is spurred by families wanting to be in better economic and political situations.
-This can also initiate illegal immigration where the children of these people are not allowed to go to school for fear of being deported.
-The Immigration Act of 1965 repealed the immigration laws that were  very restrictive and favored the European immigrants.
Pre-1965 there was a relatively equal amount of European emigrants and Asian emigrants.
-Post-1965 The amount of European emigrants decreased and the Asian and American emigrants increased heavily.
-The 1990 Immigration Act started to welcome more immigrants from Africa.
-The 1990 act also increased the quota for Highly skilled labor migration.