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Case Study: Vriend v. Alberta, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 493 (Supreme Court of Canada) 

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Case Study: Vriend v. Alberta, [1998] 1 S.C.R. 493 (Supreme Court of Canada) 

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This Case Study is about Discrimination based on Sexual orientation.

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This video is about gender equality to show how the Equality rights have played a great role in female education. It shows an increase in females attending schools and thus contributing to economic growth. However, the study also shows that most females choose their careers in health and social science, whereas, the males are mostly into manufacturing, engineering, and constructions. It also shows that the male salary is higher than female salary. Therefore, although there is a positive change in education, the employment and entrepreneurship for female are still needed to be worked on.

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This video is about gender equality to show how the Equality rights have played a great role in female education. It shows an increase in females attending schools and thus contributing to economic growth. However, the study also shows that most females choose their careers in health and social science, whereas, the males are mostly into manufacturing, engineering, and constructions. It also shows that the male salary is higher than female salary. Therefore, although there is a positive change in education, the employment and entrepreneurship for female are still needed to be worked on.

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This article is based on Employment Discrimination based on gender that was found in University of Waterloo. During analysis of faculty salaries, a working group discovered a systematic gender deviation, which was consistent across the university. It was found that the female faculty members were paid thousands of dollars less than their male coworkers. Therefore, it was suggested by a professor that instead of only rectifying such biases in academia, action should be taken to prevent such discrimination. Although based on previous salary review, several recommendations were made to adjust the salary for female faculty, a review was underway to figure out the real cause of this deviation as it seems to be a pattern rather than a coincidence. Since this article is based on gender discrimination in employment, it can be linked to Equality rights.

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This article is based on Employment Discrimination based on gender that was found in University of Waterloo. During analysis of faculty salaries, a working group discovered a systematic gender deviation, which was consistent across the university. It was found that the female faculty members were paid thousands of dollars less than their male coworkers. Therefore, it was suggested by a professor that instead of only rectifying such biases in academia, action should be taken to prevent such discrimination. Although based on previous salary review, several recommendations were made to adjust the salary for female faculty, a review was underway to figure out the real cause of this deviation as it seems to be a pattern rather than a coincidence. Since this article is based on gender discrimination in employment, it can be linked to Equality rights.

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This image shows a white celebrity adopting a black baby. In addition to many appreciating her adoption of a baby from America, others also took her adoption of a black child as a support of race and class privilege in the adoption process. Her this step indicates the implementation of race equality as she did not bother with the skin color of the child during adoption. Therefore, this image can be considered as a symbol of Equality rights.  

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This image shows a white celebrity adopting a black baby. In addition to many appreciating her adoption of a baby from America, others also took her adoption of a black child as a support of race and class privilege in the adoption process. Her this step indicates the implementation of race equality as she did not bother with the skin color of the child during adoption. Therefore, this image can be considered as a symbol of Equality rights.  

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http://living.jdewperry.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/05_10_10_cover.jpg

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This video is about the existing LGBT Employment Discrimination in America in 2015. It shows the progress about civil rights that took place over the years, for examples, African American becoming citizens like white people in 1866, women getting rights to vote in 1920, prohibition of racial discrimination in 1964, and people with disabilities getting access to public places in 1990. Although the marriage has become legal, there was still no federal law protecting LGBT people against employment discrimination as of 2015. So, this video was made to bring awareness to support the Employment Non-Discrimination Act for a clear job protection for the LGBT people. Since this video refers to discrimination based on gender, it is related to Equality Rights. 

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This video is about the existing LGBT Employment Discrimination in America in 2015. It shows the progress about civil rights that took place over the years, for examples, African American becoming citizens like white people in 1866, women getting rights to vote in 1920, prohibition of racial discrimination in 1964, and people with disabilities getting access to public places in 1990. Although the marriage has become legal, there was still no federal law protecting LGBT people against employment discrimination as of 2015. So, this video was made to bring awareness to support the Employment Non-Discrimination Act for a clear job protection for the LGBT people. Since this video refers to discrimination based on gender, it is related to Equality Rights. 

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This article is about race equality where it is still considered to be a ‘work in progress’ as per a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center. Although both blacks and whites generally agree about the two races getting along well, but about 7 in 10 blacks and more than 1 in whites also believe that blacks are treated unequally by the criminal justice system. In addition, most blacks believe that they are treated unequally in public schools and workplaces. Though there has been progress in term of racial equality but people want more progress in terms of employment as research shows that the average black person is not financially better than the average white person. Finally, it was found that 44% of whites, 48% of Hispanics, and 79% of blacks believe that a lot more progress is required to be made in order to achieve Dr. Martin Luther King’s vision of a colorblind society. Since this article researched about race equality, it is related to Equality Rights.

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This article is about race equality where it is still considered to be a ‘work in progress’ as per a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center. Although both blacks and whites generally agree about the two races getting along well, but about 7 in 10 blacks and more than 1 in whites also believe that blacks are treated unequally by the criminal justice system. In addition, most blacks believe that they are treated unequally in public schools and workplaces. Though there has been progress in term of racial equality but people want more progress in terms of employment as research shows that the average black person is not financially better than the average white person. Finally, it was found that 44% of whites, 48% of Hispanics, and 79% of blacks believe that a lot more progress is required to be made in order to achieve Dr. Martin Luther King’s vision of a colorblind society. Since this article researched about race equality, it is related to Equality Rights.

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This image shows that an African black man is reading a sign of employment, which only applies to white people as if the skin color matters more than the human him/herself, or as if the skin color determines one’s ability to work. It also symbolizes that the man’s identity is decided by his skin color. Since this image is a representation of racial discrimination in employment, it is connected to Equality Rights which, by definition, clearly prohibits racial discrimination. This image indicates white privileges by the means that white people are brought up with the thought that they are more important than other skin colors, as a result, they have the freedom to openly mention about particular race (white) of people for employment instead of giving opportunity to all races.

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This image shows that an African black man is reading a sign of employment, which only applies to white people as if the skin color matters more than the human him/herself, or as if the skin color determines one’s ability to work. It also symbolizes that the man’s identity is decided by his skin color. Since this image is a representation of racial discrimination in employment, it is connected to Equality Rights which, by definition, clearly prohibits racial discrimination. This image indicates white privileges by the means that white people are brought up with the thought that they are more important than other skin colors, as a result, they have the freedom to openly mention about particular race (white) of people for employment instead of giving opportunity to all races.

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http://students.oneonta.edu/vishka93/A2/css/Racial-Inequality.html

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Race Inequality

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"People saw progress," he said, "but they want more."

The average three-member black household makes about 59 percent of what a similar white household makes - up from 55 percent in 1967 - but the income gap in actual dollars widened to $27,000 from $19,000. (The gap has widened between whites and Hispanic people, too.)

The median net worth of white households is 14 times that of black households, and blacks are nearly three times as likely to be living below the federal poverty threshold. The disparity in homeownership rates is the widest in four decades. As the Pew study noted, those realities are not lost on most Americans, only 1 in 10 of whom said the average black person is better off financially than the average white person (although more than 4 in 10 white and Hispanic respondents said the average black is about as well off as the average white).

Though marriage rates have generally declined over all, about 55 percent of whites and 31 percent of blacks 18 and older are married, compared with 74 percent of whites and 61 percent of blacks in 1960, a reflection, in part, of differences in educational attainment.

The gap in college completion rates rose to 13 percentage points from 6 (although the black completion rate, as a percentage of the white rate, has improved to 62 percent from 42 percent. The Hispanic rate remains at 42 percent).

In 1960, black men were five times as likely as white men to be in local, state or federal prison. Fifty years later, black men are six times as likely as white men to be incarcerated and Hispanic men three times as likely.

The historic disparity in voter turnout evaporated in 2012 with the re-election of President Obama, yet euphoria over his election has faded. Both blacks and whites were much less likely this year to say black people were better off than five years earlier than they did in a 2009 Pew survey after Mr. Obama's first election. The latest nationwide survey of 2,200 adults was conducted this month after the Supreme Court in June effectively gutted the Voting Rights Act of 1965, freeing nine states to change their election laws without advance federal approval.

"Our country has changed," Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. wrote for the majority.

Not so much, though, that nearly half of all Americans - 49 percent in all, or 44 percent of whites, 48 percent of Hispanics and 79 percent of blacks - said a lot more progress needed to be made to achieve Dr. King's vision of a colorblind society. Republicans are more likely than Democrats to believe there has been racial progress. Fully 80 percent of all Americans say at least some more needs to be done.

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Race Equality Is Still a Work in Progress, Survey Finds

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"People saw progress," he said, "but they want more." The average three-member black household makes about 59 percent of what a similar white household makes - up from 55 percent in 1967 - but the income gap in actual dollars widened to $27,000 from $19,000. (The gap has widened between whites and Hispanic people, too.)

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Equality Rights

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Fundamental Freedoms and Democratic Rights

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Fundamental Freedoms- Segment Five- Equality Rights, Language Rights, and Bill 101 (Quebec Sign Law)

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http://charterofrights.ca -- Before the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, diverse groups in Canada struggled for their rights. The Charter now ensures equal rights for women, minorities, native groups, and disabled people. The Charter does not specifically define same sex rights, but indirectly addresses them.

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This article is about the first annual march held in April 17, 2015 in Vancouver, British Columbia to celebrate the anniversary of Canada’s Charters of Rights and Freedoms. The March was to celebrate how Canada was successful in building a peaceful country with no discrimination tolerance in terms of various aspects like race, age, sex, etc, while recognizing the areas where there is still much progress to be made in term of equal rights. Since it mentions about the equal rights and freedom guaranteed through the charter to all Canadians regardless of their race or background, this article can be related to Equality Rights.

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This article is about the first annual march held in April 17, 2015 in Vancouver, British Columbia to celebrate the anniversary of Canada’s Charters of Rights and Freedoms. The March was to celebrate how Canada was successful in building a peaceful country with no discrimination tolerance in terms of various aspects like race, age, sex, etc, while recognizing the areas where there is still much progress to be made in term of equal rights. Since it mentions about the equal rights and freedom guaranteed through the charter to all Canadians regardless of their race or background, this article can be related to Equality Rights.

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This image symbolizes Canada as a multicultural country where each race itself represents as Canada by the flag. It shows democracy in the sense that Canada acts like a garden where hardiest and brightest flowers from different parts of the world are planted and taken care of equally. The random distribution of males and females on the image also symbolizes equality in terms of sex since the image is not divided into two parts to show two sexes. Since democracy refers to giving equal right to everyone, this image can also be a representation of equality rights.

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This image symbolizes Canada as a multicultural country where each race itself represents as Canada by the flag. It shows democracy in the sense that Canada acts like a garden where hardiest and brightest flowers from different parts of the world are planted and taken care of equally. The random distribution of males and females on the image also symbolizes equality in terms of sex since the image is not divided into two parts to show two sexes. Since democracy refers to giving equal right to everyone, this image can also be a representation of equality rights.

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http://www.lawlessons.ca/lesson-plans/1.5.equality-rights

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This video contains how the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has changed over the time in terms of Equality Rights, Language Rights, and Bill 101. In 1982, when the charter was introduced, there were a lot of discussion going on about how it might exempt some people, for example, women, from rights under the charter. In addition, during that time, Canada did not have any female, black, and Sikh police officers. However, since then there has been all these significant changes about sex and racial equality as now the charter gives rights to all the Canadians to choose the career that they wish for. It also mentions about the Quebec Sign Law which required all the commercial signs to be in French. Then in 1988 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled the Quebec Sign Law saying that they can predominate French but can not eliminate all English as it will be unfair for the major English communities around the country. Finally, it describes that charter recognizes the uniqueness of Canada’s language and racial diversity and thus making laws to prohibiting racial discrimination in employment, in public accommodation, and in housing. Although the prejudice still exists, Canadians are shown to be gradually accepting different races and languages with respect.

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This video contains how the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has changed over the time in terms of Equality Rights, Language Rights, and Bill 101. In 1982, when the charter was introduced, there were a lot of discussion going on about how it might exempt some people, for example, women, from rights under the charter. In addition, during that time, Canada did not have any female, black, and Sikh police officers. However, since then there has been all these significant changes about sex and racial equality as now the charter gives rights to all the Canadians to choose the career that they wish for. It also mentions about the Quebec Sign Law which required all the commercial signs to be in French. Then in 1988 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled the Quebec Sign Law saying that they can predominate French but can not eliminate all English as it will be unfair for the major English communities around the country. Finally, it describes that charter recognizes the uniqueness of Canada’s language and racial diversity and thus making laws to prohibiting racial discrimination in employment, in public accommodation, and in housing. Although the prejudice still exists, Canadians are shown to be gradually accepting different races and languages with respect.

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Trans-racial adoption

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Racial Inequality

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Gender pay discrepancy

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An Ontario university is the latest to bump the salaries of its female faculty members after discovering they were being paid thousands of dollars less than their male coworkers, but one professor says steps must be taken to prevent - not just rectify such biases in academia.

In a memo emailed to faculty Wednesday and obtained by The Canadian Press, the University of Waterloo said a working group tasked with analyzing faculty salaries uncovered a "systemic gender anomaly" that was "consistent across the university."

As a result, it said an adjustment of $2,905 will be made on Sept. 1 to the salaries of all female faculty members who were in the faculty association's bargaining unit as of April 30 of last year.

However, the working group said in its report that the increases will not be applied retroactively.

Aimee Morrison, an associate professor at the university and associate chair of graduate studies, says this type of inequity is a problem across academia "and probably all fields."

While it's great that the university is willing to address the problem, "I don't see a bigger conversation happening in really pointed ways about how does this keep happening," she said.

"It's not an anomaly if it's a pattern."
READ MORE: Obama pens powerful essay on feminism, says 'It's men's responsibility to fight sexism too'
Several other Canadian universities, including Hamilton's McMaster University and the University of British Columbia, have given raises to female faculty members in recent years so that they earn as much as their male peers.

The University of Waterloo itself has conducted salary reviews in the past, including one in 2008 that made "several recommended salary adjustments for individual women faculty" but did not lead to university-wide increases.

The working group recommends that the university examine salaries every five years on top of conducting annual reviews within each department.

It also stresses that since starting salaries and merit increases are the key factors affecting pay, "care should be taken to ensure that starting salaries are equitable, as inequity at this point can quickly compound."

Morrison, who has sat on faculty evaluation committees, said there could be checklists or other tools to help people take note of their internalized biases when determining salaries.

"The reason that we have to keep doing these reviews is that the underlying inequities in how faculty members are assessed or in how they are supported in their initial salary negotiations is still going to be prey to bias," she said.

"If we could fix the bias, the anomaly, once fixed, would not reproduce itself, but it keeps reproducing itself."

Lynne Taylor, co-chair of the working group, said the review's mandate was simply to identify any discrepancies, not the underlying causes.

"We still don't have a clear sense of why it happens. I would love that to be fixed and I think there are people in the upper reaches of the administration who would like to see this rectified as well," she said.

"Until we have a sense of where that's coming from, though, I think it is smart to have a regular review," she said. "All of us would just wish it wasn't necessary but if it is, at least it's getting fixed."

Jean Andrey, dean of the faculty of environment, said the anomalous salaries were spread across all faculties and ranks, adding that the university has been "doing a lot of thinking" about how the discrepencies didn't get noticed before.

Andrey suggested the differences in salaries could be the result of a "legacy effect" due to there not being as much equity in the past, or that starting salaries for some employees could have been lower due to a "different approach in negotiating terms of employment" when they were hired.

"The really good news about the work we've done is that by looking at annual performance reviews we've been able to conclude that there's no evidence of a systematic gender bias in the way that we do annual merit evaluations," she said. "We believe that there is fairness in our assessment processes."

Waterloo's latest review was part of a salary settlement between the university and the faculty association that was reached May 1 of last year.

Other faculty members' salaries were also flagged as "anomalous" and the review recommended that a one-time adjustment be made to make up for the discrepancy.
READ MORE: Yacht club's men-only policy rankles many
Salaries were evaluated using a regression model that took several variables into account, including annual performance evaluations and outstanding performance awards.

The report says that 71 of roughly 1,170 faculty members were identified as "potential anomalies," and of those, 59 were confirmed anomalies, meaning "there was nothing in their career path that could account for the aberration in their actual salaries and the fitted/predicted salary outputted from the regression model."

The remaining 12 will be investigated further.

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University of Waterloo hikes salaries of female faculty after gender pay discrepancy found

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An Ontario university is the latest to bump the salaries of its female faculty members after discovering they were being paid thousands of dollars less than their male coworkers, but one professor says steps must be taken to prevent - not just rectify such biases in academia.

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Gender Equality

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Fight for Equal Rights

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LGBT Employment Discrimination Still Legal in 2015, Viral Video Spotlights In light of landmark marriage equality ruling, online spot about civil rights milestones asks on behalf of LGBT community, "What's our year?"

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Canada is a Democratic Country

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First Annual Rights and Freedom March in Vancouver

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On April 17, Canada's first-ever march for the Charter of Rights and Freedoms will launch in Vancouver, B.C. The march, sponsored in part by the Vancouver Observer, celebrates the anniversary of Canada's Charter rights.

After difficult histories such as residential schools, the Chinese head tax, Japanese internment and the Komagata Maru incident, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed equal rights and freedoms for all Canadian citizens, no matter what their colour or background.

But while the Charter gives Canadians equal rights in law, many Canadians still face ongoing discrimination in practice.

The Rights and Freedoms March will celebrate how far Canada has come so far, while recognizing that there's still much progress to be made.

Organizers draw inspiration from the great civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., whose struggle for equality changed the course of history.

"In parts of our world where many basic human rights are non-existent, we want to remind people how blessed we are in Canada," said King Wan, ex-Canadian Force B.C. Liaison Officer and the former Commanding Officer of the HMCS Discovery.

The march intends to help shape a Canadian identity that is genuinely respectful of all its citizens, regardless of background.

When: April 17, 9:30 a.m.

Where: "Leg-in-Boot Square" near Olympic Village SkyTrain Station to David Lam Park
For more information, see the Rights and Freedoms March website or contact: info [at] rightsandfreedomsmarch [dot] com.

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TODAY: First annual Charter of Rights and Freedoms March to launch in Vancouver

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On April 17, Canada's first-ever march for the Charter of Rights and Freedoms will launch in Vancouver, B.C. The march, sponsored in part by the Vancouver Observer, celebrates the anniversary of Canada's Charter rights.