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Development of food products and processes based on biotechnology depends upon the improvement of existing processes, such as fermentation, immobilized bio catalyst technology, and production of additives and processing aids, as well as the development of new opportunities for food biotechnology. With those being the advantages, the disadvantages are that scientists will not know how these new foods and processes will affect humans in the long run.

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Industrial biotechnology is a set of practices that use living cells (such as bacteria, yeast, algae) or component of cells like enzymes, to generate industrial products and processes. Industrial biotechnology can be used to create new products, such as plant-based biodegradable plastics, replace petroleum-based feed stocks by processing biomass in bio refineries to produce electricity, transport fuels or chemicals. The disadvantages are of course the cost of making these products, and the possible threat to human life, as well as plant life.

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Environmental biotechnology is a system of scientific and engineering knowledge related to the use of microorganisms and their products in the prevention of environmental pollution through biotreatment of solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes, and biomonitoring of environment and treatment processes.The advantages of biotechnological treatment of wastes are biodegradation or detoxication of a large variety of hazardous materials and substances by natural microorganisms, availability of a wide range of biotechnological methods for complete destruction of hazardous wastes. The main disadvantage is that their could potentially be a large amount of treated waste still left.

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Agricultural Biotechnology is the use of scientific tools and techniques, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, molecular diagnostics, vaccines, and tissue culture, to modify living organisms: plants, animals, and microorganisms. This application of biotech. can be used to genetically improve plants so that they last longer, or make more of them. One of the biggest pros of this application is the chance that it can eventually end world hunger. A big dis advantage however, is the chance for unexpected cross pollination.

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Medical Biotechnology is the use of living cells and cell materials to research and produce pharmaceutical and diagnostic products that help treat and prevent human diseases. This application of biotechnology can help fight cancer and other diseases, as well as progress research in stem cells. There are also other advantages such as gene therapy and tissue engineering. The main disadvantages medical biotechnology are the ethical issues surrounding it, as well as the high cost involved