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                                                                R E F L E C T I O N 

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                                                                R E F L E C T I O N 

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This course was able to provide me with a wide and much needed perspective on the Caribbean as a whole. It would have provoked me into learning more that was normally known about the Caribbean civilization and culture. It has caused me to be much more informed and equipped with knowledge that is very much relevant to the Degree in Law which I am pursuing. I am now appreciative of the journey of the Caribbean people and there fight for freedom and their perseverance to consistent self improvement in all facets of life. The course invokes a newfound sense of pride, in being a West Indian, given all of what it represents and entails. It has allowed for a paradigm shift as it relates to all of what was done to achieve what we have today, as the Caribbean identity has been constantly under attack, allowing me to far more conscious and being deliberate in the retention and dispersion of the Caribbean Culture. The course was enjoyable, despite its subtly difficulties, which when overcome provided an overwhelming feeling of accomplishment and satisfaction .

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                                                             R E F E R E N C E S 

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                                                             R E F E R E N C E S 

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James, Paul and et all. Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability. London: London: Routledge, 2015.

Kozinn, Allen. ""John Cage, 79, a Minimalist Enchanted With Sound, Dies"." New York Times, 13 August 1992.

Maytals, The Rise of Reggae and the influence of Toots and the. "Matthew Sherman." THE DREAD LIBRARY (n.d.).

Middleton, Darren. This is how we flow, Chanting Down Babylon. University of South Carolina, 1999.

Mustapha, Nasser. Sociology For Caribbean Students . Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers,, 2013.

Niaah, Sonjah Stanley. DanceHall: From Slave Ship to Ghetto. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. , 2010.

Thompson, Dave. "Reggae & Caribbean Music", Backbeat Books. San Francisco: Backbeat Books , 2002.

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One of the pioneers of dancehall

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One of the pioneers of dancehall

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One of the pioneers of soca

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Soca was a mixture of calypso and Indian music or chutney as it is commonly called. Chutney within the Caribbean was a result of the importation of the indentured laborers from India to be able to supplement and eventually replace the enslaved Africans on the plantations. Most naturally they would have brought with them fragments of their culture to the Caribbean and this was done via chutney music. It should be noted that Soca is also a diverse genre given that it is composed of both African and Indian music, thus creating a balance between the two which continues to aid in Caribbean unity and oneness since the two major ethnic groups now have something beyond the plantation system in common.

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Dancehall, on the other hand was a deviation of Reggae, drifting more into the roots style of reggae. There was a great technological influence in the way the music was produced, most of the sounds being generated by a computer. It was a predominantly black genre, in that most of its artiste were black. The lyrics were just as conscious as Reggae, however it took a much more liberal approach making it more aggressive and upbeat. The message within the music eventually began to focus more on crime, partying and social issues (to an extent) eventually it began to create and promote new dances.

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Pioneers of Reggae

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Pioneers of Reggae

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Pioneers of Reggae

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Pioneers of Reggae

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Pioneers of Reggae

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Pioneers of Reggae

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Pioneers of Reggae

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One of the most re-known calypso artiste

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Music is never given its due recognition, especially within the Caribbean Society. It can be seen that it is one of the only things the slaves were able to retain that white planters did not strip them of completely. It served as support for many slaves as they would sing songs while working on the plantations and whenever they were allowed to rest. The music served as an escape from the harsh reality they were faced with. It also served as an avenue through which they were able to somewhat openly express their views of all that was taking place within society, and at the same time it would have united different people who share the same experiences thus encouraging the spirit of regionalism in the Caribbean; even though musical genres were adapted differently across the Caribbean with each nation adding their own flavour to it. Music within the Caribbean also was a deviation from the mainstream European and American music that was dominant at the time, through music the Caribbean society was able to set themselves apart from the outside music while creating something that was more relatable and indigenous, and this allowed for a greater appreciation of Caribbean music and culture by extension. Music today still brings people from the Caribbean together and unifies them. Genres such as Soca, Dancehall, Reggae and Calypso have now become mainstream music genres and is now not mainly limited to the Caribbean but to the world. Two of the most dominant genres today are Soca and Reggae. Soca, is used for festivities such as Carnival, (which is not just Carnival in Trinidad, but the same concept of the festival practiced across the Caribbean but under different names, such as Crop over in Barbados and Mashramani in Guyana etc.) which now takes place in the Nottingham Festival  in England, Caribana in Canada, Labour Day and Miami Carnival in America, where this genre is mainly played during all of the floats and bands that parade down the streets. The same can be seen in reggae where there are several reggae festivals in America, England and other parts of the world. Moreover one can see how the Caribbean indigenous genres have been influencing other genres such as Rap & Hip Hop where samples of these genres are used in some songs, and in EDM where soca is also incorporated.