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Thermal expansion and ice cap melting.

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Beaches are landforms common on the coast which are made of deposited sediment transported from elsewhere on the coast. The size of the sediment depends on the local geology and waves, larger sediment is usually further up the beach deposited in times of high energy such as storms whereas smaller sediment is found nearer the sea, where the sediment is more effectively broken down by attrition.

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Clfff collapse at Chrischurch bay-Effects

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Clfff collapse at Chrischurch bay-Effects

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-People lose their homes if they fall into the sea (social)

-Roads and railways near the coast are under threat (economic)

-Tourists may not visit because of the danger. This negatively affects local businesses (economic)

-It is dangerous to walk atop the cliffs (social)

-It is difficult and expensive to insure homes close to the cliffs. (socioeconomic)

-Homes close to the cliff go down in value (social)

-Cliff collapse exposes different rock types and fossils (environmental)

-Golf courses have had to expand inland (economic)

-Bird nesting and watching sites are bein lost atop the cliff (environmental)

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In the UK, there is only a short period of decent beach weather which means the 1.5milllion visitors of Studland Bay tend to be concentrated over a few weeks and specific weekends. The beaches become over crowded and therefore a lot of litter is created. Furthermore, people bring their dogs which can disturb and destroy and wildlife, such as the nightjar bird and it's eggs which already has a declining population. Because of Studland's small population of 500, there are few large roads and car parks. Not only does this create traffic and pollution, but when the car parks become full holiday makers drive over the dunes to find parking which destabilises dunes, kills wildlife like the sand lizard and destroys rare wildflowers. People also smoke, have BBQ's and stand in large numbers on top of the dunes which vastly increases fire risk and destabilises the dunes.

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-Pioneer species such as cordgrass.

-Are specially adapted, cordgrass is resistant to salt, doesn't need as many nutrients as other plants and have tangled roots to trap and when they die they contribute more nutrients and sediment to the salt marsh so it is less frequently submerged and there are more nutrients so it is a more habitable environment for other wildlife.

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-Studland Bay has a population of 500

-1.5 million people visit the 5km stretch of beach each year

-Home to the only UK native lizard (the sand lizard)

-It's the 1000 richest hectares of wildflowers in the UK

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-The council has put up information boards to educate tourists and visitors about the environment and how they can protect it.

-Dogs aren't allowed in the middle of the beach in between July and September.

-Facilities like shops, toilets and bins are focused around the carpark to concentrate the tourists.

-Vulnerable areas and places recently planted with marram grass are sealed.

-Car parking areas are limited and you can't drive onto the beach.

-Boardwalks have been laid through the dunes and on the beach to keep tourists on certain paths.

-Fire beaters are placed in the dunes in case of fire.

-Jet skis cannot be launched from the each and go above 5mph.

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Occur in storms when high energy waves deposit lots of sediment up the beach but also wash a lot beneath it away.

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-The whole coastline  is made of boulder clay and is therefore very vulnerable to slumping and strong waves from Scandinavia.

-The beaches are naturally narrow so are more susceptible to erosion.

-Groynes have stopped long shore drift further down the coast so the beaches have become even more narrow.

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The impact of coastal erosion of peoples lives on the Holderness coastline

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The impact of coastal erosion of peoples lives on the Holderness coastline

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-Coastline properties go down in value (socioeconomic)

-Lost houses on the cliffs which cause insurance prices to rise (socioeconomic)

-Accessibility and infrastructure such as roads and railways are destroyed (Socioeconomic)

-People will lose their jobs if businesses are threatened by cliff collapse (socioeconomic)

-80,000m squared of farmland is lost each year to cliff collapse (socioeconomic)

-A gas terminal (Easington) that accounts for 25% of Britain's gas is at risk (economic)

-Sites of specific scientific interest are at risk (environmental)

-And saltation of freshwater and farmland

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Cliff collapse at Christchurch Bay-Causes

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Cliff collapse at Christchurch Bay-Causes

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-Strong south-westerly winds create large destructive waves.

-Tourists add extra weight on top of the cliffs.

-The coastline is very exposed and not sheltered.

-The base of the cliffs is being eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion.

-Weathering is weakening the rock which makes them more vulnerable to mass movement.

-Permeable sand lies on top of impermeable clay so the rain saturates the sand and becomes really heavy.

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The impact of sea level rise in the Maldives 

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The impact of sea level rise in the Maldives 

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1. Loss of tourism-biggest industry at 35% of total GDP, if the main airport is damaged they will be cut off. Unemployment as tourism is 73,000 jobs.

2. Disrupted fishing industry which is worth 5% of total GDP. 12,000 jobs. Fisherman have to go further out because of warmer waters which isn't possible with rudimentary boats.

3. Less freshwater available as groundwater supplies are being contaminated with saltwater but the government are investing in rainwater harvesting.

4. The government have borrowed $60 million from the Japanese to build a 3m high sea wall around the capital Male.

5. Loss of soil-the oil on most of the island is shallow (20cm or less) which prevents plant growth and flooding can easily take away what little soil they have.

6. Coral bleaching-higher temperatures causes the water to become slightly acidic which damages the coral reef ecosystem.

7. Higher sea levels erodes the beaches and exposes the land behind it to erosion which reduces the bio diversity.

8. The Maldivian government has pledged to become carbon neutral and not contribute to global warming.

9. Long term plans for the government to buy up land in Australia and the like to resettle it populous there should the mainland flood.

10. The local people lose their traditional way of life when they are forced to relocate and receive little support as climate change refugees.

11. 605,000 people visited the Maldives in 2010 and a unique holiday destination is lost for the minority of those people able to afford it.

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Refer to 8 markers and tables for case studies

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Refer to 8 markers and tables for case studies

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-Frequent submertion

-High salt levels

-Infertile

-Behind spits with low energy waves which deposit a lot of sediment.

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Using groynes to prevent longshore drift will deprive other beaches off sediment but retain sediment at the current beach. Beach nourishment would be a lot more expensive and in order to protect lower value land would be uneconomic. They also add tourist appeal.

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1.Weather weakens the top of the cliff.
2.The sea attacks the base of the cliff forming a wave-cut notch.
3.The notch increases in size causing the cliff to collapse.
4.The backwash carries the rubble towards the sea forming a wave-cut platform.
5.The process repeats and the cliff continues to retreat.

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-Cliff collapse at Christchurch Bay

-The Holderness Coastline

-Sea level rise in the Maldives

-Studland bay nature reserve

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An example of how a spit forms and if this process continues it will form a bar.

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Bands of more and less resistant rock, shallow incline beech, steep incline cliff.

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-Attrition                 -Saltation

-Hydraulic action   -Solution

-Solution                 -Traction

-Abrasion                -Suspension

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Constructive-Have strong swash, low amplitude, long wavelength, weak backwash, 6-9 a minute and occur in calm conditions.

Destructive-Strong backwash, high amplitude short wavelength, weak swash, 10-12 a minute and occur in rough conditions.

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Sliding-when large chunks of rock break away and slide down quickly in a straight line.

Slumping- is in clay cliffs and happens when it is saturated becomes heavier than the force supporting it and breaks away moving downhill in a rotational manner.

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Freeze thaw- water gets into cracks in rocks and expands when frozen.

Biological-Plant roots.

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Acid rain- slightly carbonic rain reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone.