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The life of a soldier wasn't easy. They faced the possibility of getting killed in the battle, along with other hardships. They had to deal with bad weather, hunger. and poor clothing. Soldiers had to practice drills in the afternoon and morning for each battle. Each soldier had to know their position in the unit so the army could fight as a group.

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Three amendments were added to the Constitution to protect rights of all the people.

13th Amendment- Outlawed slavery.

14th Amendment- Black people were citizens of U.S.

15th Amendments- Rights to vote regardless of race.

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Much of Southern U.S. was destroyed. Plantations and farmers were burnt down and the crops were destroyed. The South had to be rebuilt which is called the Reconstruction. It lasted from 1865-1877. The purpose of this reconstruction was to bring the south into the Union again. Lincoln wanted to be merciful to the South and make it easy for them to rejoin the states. He spoke that any southerner who took an oath to the Union would be given a pardon. Also, if 10 % of the voters in a state supported the Union, the state can be readmitted.

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Booth was born in 1838 in MD. He, like many other Marylanders, supported slavery. He was well known as a successful actor. But, he had conspired to kidnap Lincoln and hide him until all Confederate prisoners were released. But in the end, Booth decided to assassinate Lincoln. This resulted in Booth being killed by Union soldiers, and a loss of a very great president.

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Lincoln delivered a speech two days after Lee's surrender at Appomattox (April 11, 1865) for peace and reconstruction. And in the audience was John Wilkes Booth (an actor, from MD). Booth was a strong believer in slavery and the white's higher class. When Booth heard Lincoln's words, he made a plan. Booth decided to kill Lincoln, Andrew Johnson (vice president), and William Seward (secretary of state). Lincoln decided to go see a comedy play, and in the middle of the play, Booth slipped into the entry way to the President's box. holding a dagger and a pistol. The bullet entered Lincoln's head, behind his left ear and tore through his brain. So, Lincoln was brought to a nearby lodging, where he died the next morning.

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On Nov. 8, Northern voters, re-elect President Abraham Lincoln for a second term. The democratic party split with opposition from Peace Democrats. They wanted a negotiated peace at any cost. So they chose McClellan as their nominee. And even Lincoln expected McClellan to win; but the victory was for Lincoln.

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In Feb. 1863, Governor John A. Andrew of MA issued Civil War's 1st call for black soldiers. But by the 54th Infrantry regiment heading off to camp 2 weeks later, more than 1,000 men volunteered.

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In 1863, Congress passed a law making all men between 20 and 45 years old accountable for military service. On July 13, the government's attempt to enforce this, caused New York City to ignite violent disturbances. This resulted in 120 people dead.

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The American Red Cross was founded in May 21, 1881 by Clara Barton and Adolphus Solomons. Barton originally worked with the sick and wounded during the American Civil War which led her dedication to this founding. It was an organization established to provide humanitarian aid to victims of wars and natural disasters in congruence with the International Red Cross.

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Clara Barton was one of the greatest nurses ever, born in Oxford, MA. in 1821 She was a nurse on the battlefield of the civil war, providing care to soldiers. She helped locate a thousand of missing soldiers. Barton also would independently organize relief for the wounded, bringing her own supplies to front lines.She founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and continued her humanitarian work until her death in 1912.

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Shiloh- April 6-7, 1862- Union vs Confederacy; took place near Southwest, TN and lasted 2 days. The Confederate forces attacked first, surprising the Union forces.
Vicksburg- May 18, 1863 – July 4, 1863- A major victory for the Union. It gave control of the Mississippi R. to the Union.
Sherman's March to the Sea- Nov. 15 to Dec. 21, 1864- Gen. Sherman led 100,000 men into the southern city of Atlanta. After establishing control of Atlanta, Gen. Sherman decided to march to Savannah, GA and take control of the sea port there. Sherman would write a letter to President Lincoln telling him he had captured Savannah as a Christmas gift.

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Bull Run-July 21, 1861- Union vs Confederate forces met at Manassas, VA. The Union's goal was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA.
Antietam- Sep. 17, 1862- Between Union and Confederacy that took place near Sharpsburg, MD. The confederacy hoped to invade the north all the way to PA. Gen. Lee and President Davis thought that a successful invasion would convince Great Britain & France to officially recognize them as a nation. Union was able to push back Lee's army and cause them to withdraw.

Gettsyburg- July 1- 3, 1863- Union vs Confederacy battle that took place near Gettysburg, PA. Robert E. Lee invaded the North and was trying to defeat the Union army once and for all. But the Union army held him off & sent him retreating.

Fredericksburg- Dec. 11- 15, 1862- Between Union & Confederacy that took place at Fredericksburg, VA. Major victory for Southern forces.

Chancellorsville- April 30, – May 6, 1863- Between Union & Confederacy that took place near Chancellorsville, VA. Victory for Confederates.

Battle of Appomatox Court House- April 9, 1865- Robert E. Lee surrenders to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant because of low on supploes, many soldiers deserted, and greatly outnumbered; which brings an end to the civil war after 4 years of battling. This happened in Appomattox, VA.

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1. Hot Air Balloon

2. Railroads

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1. Drag out the war.. erode the union's will to fight.

2. Defend the south, instead of the north

3. Sought political recognition from France & Britain

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Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan: 2 Part Union Strategy

1. Blockade southern parts with its navy.

2. Gain control of the Mississippi R. to split confederacy in two.

3. Support of foreign nations : France, Great Britain

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1. Robert E. Lee- a military officer in the U.S. Army, a West Point commandant and the legendary general of the Confederate Army.

2. Stonewall Jackson- a war hero and one of the South’s most successful generals during the American Civil War. After his home state of Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861, Jackson joined the Confederate army

3. James Longstreet- a U.S. Army officer, government official and most famously a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Longstreet played an important role in Confederate operations in both the Eastern and Western Theaters of the war.

4. James E.B. Stuart- a U.S. Army officer and later a major general and cavalry commander for the Confederate States. Partially blamed for the defeat at Gettysburg after he failed to provide Robert E. Lee with enough info on Union troop positions.

5. Braxton Bragg- army officer who served as a Confederate general. Bragg entered the war in 1861 and was promoted to full general at the Battle of Shiloh in 1862.

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1. Ulysses S. Grant- worked with Lincoln to lead army; 18th president of the U.S.

2. William T. Sherman- in 1864 commanded the Union armies of the West in the decisive drive from Chattanooga to Atlanta and the famous “march to the sea” across Georgia.

3. George Meade- a U.S. Army general and civil engineer who served as commander of the Union Army of the Potomac during the Civil War.

4. George B. McClellan- a U.S. Army officer, railroad president and politician who served as a major general during the Civil War. .

5. Robert Anderson- commanded Ft. Sumter during the attacks of that
ft. by Confederate forces, the opening shots of the American Civil War. He was forced to surrender because of lack of supplies.

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The first national flag of the Confederate States of America, made in 1861, had seven stars to represent the seven breakaway states. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. Also, it was called the stars and bars flag. The second national flag was issued by congress on May 1, 1863. This flag was created to have a difference from the union's stars and stripes. It was best- known and known as the Confederate Battle Flag or the "Southern Cross". The third national flag of Confederacy was the last flag of the Confederate government which was adopted on March 4, 1865. This flag wasn't used long before the Confederacy surrendered.