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-Memory strategies reflect very simple principles, such as arranging things in order, making associations, and reviewing.

-Memory strategies are techniques that can be used to learn and retain new knowledge. Essentially, these are 'tricks' that can be used to increase the ability to remember and recall information.

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-Cognitive strategies are essential in learning a new language, are unified by a common funtion: manipulation or transformation of the target language by the learning.

-Cognitive strategies are the specific methods that people use to  solve problems and/or exploit opportunities, including all sorts of reasoning, planning, arithmetic, etc. Importantly, a cognitive strategy need not be all "in the head", but will almost always interact with various aspects of what might be called the "execution context"

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-Compensation strategies enable learners to use the new language for either compensation or production despite limitations in knowledge.

-Compensation strategies are communication strategies used by learners to compensate for limitations in their language.

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-The process or technique of improving or developing the memory.

-The study and development of systems for improving and assisting the memory.

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-Metacognitive strategies are essential for successful language learning. language learners are often overwhelmed by too much "newness" unfamiliar vocabulary, confusing rules, different writing systems, seemingly inexplicable social customs, and (in enlightened language classes) nontraditional instructional approaches.

-Metacognitive strategies are techniques to help students develop an awareness of their thinking processes as they learn. These techniques help students focus with greater intention, reflect on their existing knowledge versus information they still need to learn, recognize errors in their thinking, and develop practices for effective learning.

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-Metacognition includes a critical awareness of a) one’s thinking and learning and b) oneself as a thinker and learner.

-Metacognition refers to awareness of one’s own knowledge what one does and doesn’t know and one’s ability to understand, control, and manipulate one’s cognitive processes.

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What is Metacognition | Explained in 2 min

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-The term affective refers to emotions, attitudes, motivations, and values. it is impossible to overstate the importance of the affective factors influencing language learning. Language learners can gain control over these factors through affective strategies.

-Affective strategies are learning strategies concerned with managing emotions, both negative and positive.

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Where the Six Success Factors and Affective Strategies Meet to Support Online Learning

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- Language is a form of social behavior, it is communication, and communication occurs between and among people. Learning a language thus involves other people, and appropriate social strategies are very important in this process.

-Social strategies can help learners to achieve more effective language learning and obtain a better understanding of different cultures. People’s feelings, attitudes, anxieties and motivation have an impact on the progress of language learning and performance. Indeed, using affective strategies can help us to control these feelings.

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Engaging Families With Social and Emotional Learning Strategies

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- Finding a focus or center for learning is important no matter what the language skill. Without appropriate strategies for centering, language learners face merely confusion and noise.

- Centering your learning is a broad term that can be used to describe a variety of different educational strategies, but the premise is usually to focus on the unique learning abilities of each student.

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Learning Centers | Teaching Strategies #8

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-The six strategies for arranging and planning are helpful in developing all language skills. These concern discovering the nature of language learning, organizing to learn, establishing aims, considering task purposes, planning for tasks, and looking for chances to practice.

-The learning plan should contain details on what will be learned, how it will be learned, by when, what criteria will be used to evaluate the learning and how the learning will be validated. A learning plan is best prepared by the learner with the guidance and support of a mentor or facilitator.

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-The two strategies in this set relate to monitoring one's own errors and evaluating one's overall progress. Both are useful in all the skill areas.

- When students are assisted to delve into their own thinking and learning processes, they are drawn to think about the effectiveness of the strategies they used to achieve the learning goals they set. Planning what to do, monitoring progress towards achieving it and evaluating the outcome can help students take more control over their thinking and learning processes and equip them with learning to learn skills.

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-In any of the four skills, anxiety can play a strong role, short-circuiting potential learning. Speaking the new language often causes the greatest anxiety of all, but some learners also experience tremendous anxiety when listening, reading, or writing the new language.

-The following strategies help learners to lower their anxiety, no matter which skill or combination of skills is involved.

Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditation.

using music

using laughter

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-Teaching students some self-encouragement strategies will pay off in all of the skill areas. Language learners often need to find ways to keep their spirits up and persevere as they try to understand or produce the new language.

Encouraging yourself

Making positive statements

Taking risks wisely

Rewarding yourself

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- This set of strategies for effective self-assessment involves getting in touch with feeling, attitudes, and motivations through a variety of means.

- The strategies described here enable learners to notice their emotions, avert negative ones, and make the most of positive ones.

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- This set of strategies includes both asking for clarification or verification and asking for correction. These two strategies are use differently in the here are some instances of asking for clarification or verification for listening and reading .

-Affective Questions encourage students to engage with their learning on a more personal level by expressing their attitudes, feelings and values towards a specific topic.

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-Because language in all its aspects is a social act, cooperating with other people is essential. The cooperation requires that the learner interact well with both peers and more proficient language users.

-Cooperating with others provides a rich potential for second language learning, as you, The Learner, cooperate with peers (linguistically speaking here) or cooperate with people proficient in your chosen New Language.

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Cooperative Learning Model: Strategies & Examples

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- Understanding and producing the new language inolves empathy with other people, especially with individuals from the target culture.

- Social strategies include asking questions, cooperating and empathizing with others. For example, learning can be enhanced when people interact with each other to clarify a confusing point or when they participate in a group discussion or cooperative learning group to solve a problem.

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How to Develop Empathy - 3 Strategies for Learning Empathy

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-Three kinds of strategies are useful for making mental linkages: grouping, associating/elaborating, and placing new eords into a context.

-Relating new language information to concepts in memory by jeans of meaningful visual imaginery, either in the mind or in an actual drawing.

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Oxford's Language Learning Strategies Categorization - Memory

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-The four strategies for applying images and sounds are useful for remembering new expressions that have been heard or read. These strategies include using imagery, semantic mapping, using keywords, and representing sounds in memory.

-Images can include ideas, thoughts, pictures, and emotions. The person who wants to communicate is called the sender (see figure). To transfer an image to another person, the sender first must transpose or translate the images into symbols that receivers can understand.

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Animal Sounds, Photos and Info - App Demo for Kids

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-The sole strategy in this set is structured reviewing, which is especially useful for remembering new material in the target language.

-Review strategies are a great way of helping us to move information from our short-term to our long-term memory.

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-The two memory strategies under employing action are using physical response or sensation and using mechanical techniques.

-Are two strategies that are used to improve memory include expressive writing and saying words aloud.

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Oxford's Language Learning Strategies Categorization - Memory

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-The first and perhaps most important set of cognitive strategies, practicing, cointains five strategies: repeating, formally practicing with sounds and writing systems, recognizing and using formulas patterns, recombining, and practicing naturalistically.

-Practicing is a simple and effective way to enhance long-term, meaningful learning.

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-This set consists of two strategies: getting the idea qickly and using resources for receiving and sending messages.

-Receiving and sending messages getting the idea quickly: Using skimming to determine the main ideas or scanning to find specific details of interest. This strategy helps learners understand rapidly what they hear or read in the new language.

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-The five strategies in this set help learners to use logical thinking to understand and use the grammar rules and vocabulary of the new language. These strategies are valuable, but they can cause problem if overused.
-Students employ analyzing and reasoning strategies. For example, in phonemic awareness, they analyze minimal pairs of sounds contrastively according to how and where they are made in the mouth. They use deductive reasoning to distinguish the shades of meaning between two synonyms. In writing, they analyze the beginning, middle, and ending components of an essay then transfer what they learned to their own writing.

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Smithsonian Science Education Center (SSEC)

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Good Thinking! — That’s so Meta(cognitive)!

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-This is another set of strategies that aids all four skills. The three strategies in this group taking notes, summarizing, and highlighting help learnes sort and organize the target language information that comes their way.

- These strategies allow students to demonstrate their understanding tangibly and prepare for using the language for speaking and writting.

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Unit 12   Second Language Acquisition   Input Output Interaction

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-Guessing is essential for listening and reading. It helps learners let go of the belief that they have to recognize and understand every single word before they can comprehend the overall meaning.

-Seeking and using language-based clues in order to guess the meaning of what is heard or read in the target language, in the absence of complete knowledge of vocabulary, grammar, or other target language elements.

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How to Guess on a Test -- Intelligent Guessing Strategies

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Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

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Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

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All the compensation strategies foe speaking and writing contribute to learning by allowing learners to stay in conversations or keep writing long enough to get sustsined practice.