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Phonic is the ability to identify if there is a relationship between the sound of the spoken language and the letters of the written language. Decoding is the act of sounding out words using phonics.

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Learning the relationship between letters and sounds, allow children to apply the relationship to words that they already know and to new words as well.

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Programs of phonics instruction should be:

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Programs of phonics instruction should be:

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Systematic: letter-sound relationship is taught in an organized and logical sequence.
Explicit: instruction provides teachers with precise directions for teaching letter-sound relationships.
These instructions help children to improve reading comprehension, spelling, and word recognition.

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It is a critical early literacy skill that helps kids recognize and work with the sounds of spoken language.
Phonological awareness has skills that are needed, such as identifying words that rhyme, counting the number of syllables in a name, etc.

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Fluency is the ability to read a book accurately, fluently, and with expression. It is important because it provides the connection between word recognition and comprehension.

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Print awareness is the understanding of how a book works. It is the earliest introduction to literacy for children. It involves how to turn pages, how to identify the title, and how to find the bottom and top of a page.

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Decoding Words | Examples for kids learning how to decode words includes decoding words worksheets

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Fluent readers recognize words automatically. They group words together to get the meaning from what they read. They can read aloud naturally and effortless.

If a child is not fluent, his/her oral reading will be chopping. They will read slowly and will take more time to understand the passage. They have to spend more time focusing on the meaning of the words in order to fully understand the text.

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Print awareness involves knowing that words consists of letters, that between letters there exists space, and that print is read from left to right.
Children can see print everywhere on magazines, newspaper, signs, and alphabet books. They usually know this before entering to school. Adults can stimulate this process when reading books to the child and pointing out the letters.

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Early Literacy: Learn How Books Work | Print Awareness | Learn To Read

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Teachers should use a variety of strategies in order to help students. Alphabet matching is a classroom activity that can be use individually or in small groups. Learning the letters names help students to learn the sounds. It also helps students to develop their understanding of the alphabetic principle.

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A great strategy that teachers can use to help students understand print awareness is the concept of word games. This involves that students should match spoken words to written words while reading. It also helps to strengthen student's developing awareness of the individual sounds within words.

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A good strategy that teachers can implement to improve fluency is choral reading. It involves reading aloud in unison with the whole class or small groups. This strategy help students to build confidence, motivation, and fluency. It should be done while students are reading the text.

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To ensure equity in our classroom is important to include diverse books that students can read and look. Teachers should use textbooks that includes various cultures, authors, and pictures.

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The Leadership Conference on Civil & Human Rights

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Ensuring Educational Equity for All Students

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It is important that as counselors, we promote a safe environment during the class. We should teach our students to respect others and to not interrupt while someone is speaking. A lot of students may feel nervous or insecure to read aloud to the class. That is why it is important to give them security and avoid negative comments that might hurt them.
All three subjects are really important for children to learn how to read, comprehend, and talk properly. It should be taught well in order to avoid future concerns.

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Print awareness. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved September 29, 2021, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/printawareness.

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Fluency. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved September 29, 2021, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/fluency.

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There are 5 levels of phonological awareness that are: rhyming and alliteration, sentence segmentation, syllables, onsets and rimes, and phonemic awareness.
Phonological and phonemic awareness refer to spoken language. However, phonics refers to the alphabetic principle.

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Children can demonstrate phonemic awareness in many ways:
recognizing which words in a set of words begin with the same sound, isolating and saying the first or last sound in a word, combining or blending the separate sounds in a word to say the word, and breaking, or segmenting a word into its separate sounds.

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There are a lot of different games that can help in phonological awareness. Rhyming and syllable games, concept of word games, and blending and segmenting games.

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0:00 / 7:44•Watch full video

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Listening comprehension outpaces reading comprehension from early childhood through at least middle school.

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Children can speak and listen to more complex things than they can read about. It is important to start conversations and collaborations with diverse students, so they can exchange different ideas,

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There are great ideas to ensure students are able to practice their speaking and listening skills. The options are: readers' theatre, presentations, listening stations, reciprocal teaching, listening gallery walk, photo narratives, and digital storytelling.

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It is important that, as educators, we provide our students a safety environment where inclusion and proper language is used. As a school counselor, I will make sure that students are taught how to behave properly. It is important that we teach our students to be respectful and inclusive with others. A good way to implement this environment is to create a poster with the classroom rules.

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Katie McKnight: Content Area Literacy Strategies & CCSS

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Comprehension is key to readers. If they cannot connect the words with meaning, they are not reading. Good readers have the skills to absorb, analyze, and understand what they read.

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Strong readers connect their experiences, knowledge, and vocabulary to make sense of the text they are reading about. Teachers play an important role in reading comprehension. They should give clear comprehension instructions to students in order to help them remember and understand it better.

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- Draw on prior knowledge
- Draw inferences
- Self-monitor
- Form mental images
- Summarize and retell

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Think-pair-share is a collaborative strategy where students work together to solve a question about a reading. They think individually first, then students share ideas with their partner, and at the end they share ideas to the class.
Concept maps are another strategy where students visually organize their understanding of the subject. It engages students to answer many questions.

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Break down comprehension strategies by subskills

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School counselor and reading achievement 

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School counselor and reading achievement 

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School counselors play a big role in student's lives, especially when there are students struggling. They can help parents and teachers identify student's skills and difficulties by observing them in their learning activities. They can collaborate with school stuff to help students that need further help, such as interventions and special education. Furthermore, school counselors can work with students individually and create peer support groups.

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Comprehension. (2013, July 23). Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/comprehension
For school counselors. Reading Rockets. (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.readingrockets.org/audience/professionals/counselors.

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Vocabulary is an important aspect in the reading process and reading comprehension. Students learn the meaning of words every day through experiences. There are some words that are taught specifically in an instruction.

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Vocabulary refers to the words we have to understand in order to communicate effectively. There are 4 types of vocabulary that educators consider: speaking, listening, writing, and reading.

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Vocabulary plays an important part in learning to read. Readers use the words they hear orally to make sense of the words they see on the text. The more they hear words in their homes, the more vocabulary they will gain.

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Teaching Vocabulary Activities and ESL Teaching Games for ESL Learners

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Word walls are a good strategy to implement in the classroom. It consists of creating a collection of words which are displayed in visible letters on the wall. It is an interactive tool for students which contains various words that can be used during reading and writing.
List group label is another strategy for vocabulary learning. It is a form of semantic mapping where it encourages students to improve their vocabulary and categorization skills. They categorize words through grouping and labeling.

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School counselors play a role in vocabulary development. They can create activities for students to improve their vocabulary skills. For example, they can provide students a deck of cards with words that describes feelings. That what, students can expand their vocabulary while talking and recognizing other's feelings. This activity will help to see the student's development in vocabulary and emotionally. Also, it may improve empathy by identifying different emotions and feelings.

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In order to promote equity and inclusion on vocabulary, we have to teach students the proper pronouns. It is important to ask someone what they prefer to go by. That way, we can avoid making someone feel unrespected. Furthemore, it is important to highligh properly vocabulary among students. Bad words should be avoided and respectful words should be incentivated.

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Vocabulary. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 16). Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/vocabulary.
Vanessa. (2012, July 3). How school counselors can build student vocabulary. Savvy School Counselor. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://savvyschoolcounselor.com/how-school-counselors-can-build-student-vocabulary/.

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Writing is a complex process that requires higher order thinking. In order to write, students need to understand the genre, text structure, organizational skills, grammar, and punctuation.

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Basic writing skiils:  includes spelling, capitalization, punctuation, jandwriting or keyboarding, and sentence structure. Sometimes this basic skills are called mechanics in writing.
Text generation: this involves translating our thoughts into language. This can be thought of the content of writing.
Writing processes: good writing involves planning, revising, and editing one's work. It is very important to go through these processes to success in writing.
Writing knowledge: this includes the understanding of discourse and genre. The writer need to convey the meaning clearly and appropriately to the people who will read that piece of writing.

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Instructional Strategies for Teaching Writing to Elementary Students (REL Southeast)

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Dictation is a great activity to implement in the classroom. It involves writing down what someone else said. This activity includes handwriting, sentence formation, and matching sounds-to-letters to spell words.
Descriptive writing is an activity that the purpose is to describe a person, place, or object making the reader create a picture in her/his mind. This activity will make students be more interesting and engaged to read.

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School counselor can implement creative writing in their sessions with students. Having students write about a topic that is going on and including their emotions and feelings about it, helps them to express ideas or thoughts that were bothering them. This can be a fun and meaningful activity to do with students.

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Having students write about different subjects and diverse topics would be a great help to improve equity and inclusion in writing. Presenting them with different genres to write about will improve their vocabulary, knowdelge, and writing skills. Furthermore, letting students chose their topic sometimes, creates a sense of inclusion and equity.

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Creative Writing to Support All Students - American School Counselor Association (ASCA). (n.d.). Www.schoolcounselor.org. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://www.schoolcounselor.org/Newsletters/November-2020/Creative-Writing-to-Support-All-Students?st=NE

‌Writing. (2013, July 23). Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/writing

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As school counselor, it is important that we provide different activities for the students. Some students prefer visuals, others like hand-on-activities. To ensure all students explore and understand the material, is important to incorporate various activity that includes all senses.

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Phonics and decoding. Reading Rockets. (2020, October 31). Retrieved September 29, 2021, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/phonics.