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Data collection should be ethical and it should respect individuals and sites. Obtaining permission before starting to collect data is not only a part of the informed consent process but is also an ethical practice.

Protecting the anonymity of individuals by assigning numbers to returned instruments and keeping the identity of individuals confidential offers privacy to participants.

In terms of the research site, you need to recognize that all researchers disrupt the site they are studying, however minimally it might be.

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-Evidence based on test content
-Evidence based on response processes
-Evidence based on internal structure
-Evidence based on relations to other variables
-Evidence based on the consequences of testing

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HOW WILL YOU ADMINISTER THE DATA COLLECTION?

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HOW WILL YOU ADMINISTER THE DATA COLLECTION?

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Standardization: it is important to use standard procedures. When procedures vary, you introduce bias into the study and the data for individuals may not be comparable
for analysis.

For interviewing using an instrument, you apply the same procedures to each individual.

In collecting observational data, training must occur fi rst so that the researchers can collect data using standard procedures. A process similar to the one used in interviewing - demonstration, trial run, and a critique—might be used.

Researchers also collect public documents by obtaining permission to access this information and then taking notes or recording the information in a computer file.

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To select your data sources, ask yourself the following questions:

What am I trying to learn about participants from my research questions and hypotheses?

What information can you realistically collect?

How do the advantages of the data collection compare with its disadvantages?

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Nominal scales -  provide response options where participants check one or more categories that describe their traits, attributes, or characteristics.
Ordinal scales -  provide response options where participants rank from best or most important to worst or least important some trait, attribute, or characteristic.
Interval/Ratio Scales -  provide “continuous” response options to questions with assumed equal distances between options.
Combined scales - combination of categorical and continuous scales.

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Process of Obtaining Approval from Review Boards:
1. Start by finding out about the review process used by the institutional review board on your campus.
2. Determine what information the review board needs about your project.
3. Develop an informed consent form for participants to sign before they participate in the study.
4.4. Submit a description of your proposed study to the institutional review board.

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Attitudinal measures: Research uses when they measure feelings towards educational topics.
Used unbiased questions and each question has a scale.
Behavioral observations:  Observe behaviors and record scores on a checklist or scoring sheet.
Factual information:  it has a relation with data collected from personal documents such as grade reports or school attendance reports.
Web-based electronic data collection:  Survey applications might consist of optically scanning an instrument and placing it on a Web site for participants to complete.

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Review Board Approval
is a committee made up of faculty members who review and approve research so that the research protects the rights of
the participants.

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Obtain Informed Consent:
In order to to protect the privacy and confi dentiality of individuals who participate in the study.

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to assess an individual’s ability to perform on an
achievement test, intelligence test, aptitude test, interest inventory, or personality assessment nventory

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state the specific activities you will conduct, the benefits to the organization or individual because of the study, and the provisions you have made to protect the anonymity of study participants.

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the purpose of the study, the amount of time you will
be at the site collecting data, the time required of participants, and how you will use
the data or results.

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An instrument is a tool for measuring, observing, or documenting quantitative data.

Researchers use instruments to measure achievement, assess individual ability, observe behavior, develop a psychological profile of an individual, or interview a person.

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The test–retest reliability procedure. The researcher uses the same instrument twice at different times.

Alternative forms reliability. The researcher uses different instruments to gather the same information and variables.

Alternate forms and test–retest reliability. The researcher use one instrument twice at different times and then, he uses a different instrument.

Interrater reliability. The researcher makes observations of behavior and then compares the scores.

Internal consistency reliability. The researcher compares the beginning of the process with the outcomes.

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The best way to seek permission is to ask
for it formally in a letter. Include :

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An operational definition is a specification of how you
will define and measure the variable in your study.

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WHAT PERMISSIONS WILL YOU NEED?
Permissions will ensure that they cooperate in your study and provide data. Also acknowledges that they understand the purpose of your study and that you will treat them ethically.

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It is important to determine the size of the sample you will need. The larger the sample the less potential error in that sample will be different from the population (Sampling error)

Then use sample formulaS
Sample error formula for surveys
power analysis formula for experiments

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3. Using probabilistic and non probabilistic sampling

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3. Using probabilistic and non probabilistic sampling

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-Have authors developed the instrument recently, and can you obtain the most recent version?
-Is the instrument widely cited by other authors?
-Are reviews available for the instrument?
-Is there information about the reliability and validity of scores from past uses of the instrument?
-Does the procedure for recording data fi t the research questions/hypotheses in your study?
-Does the instrument contain accepted scales of measurement?

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1. Look for journal articles and find published instruments
2. Run an Eric search to instruments related to the research topic.
3. Examine comercial tests to instuments.

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1. Create a new instrument
2. Find one instrument and modify it
3. Find one insturment and use it completely

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* Identifying the variables in the
questions and hypotheses.
* Finding definitions for these variables.
*Considering types of information that will help you assess these variables.
*Collect data on instruments
yielding numeric scores.

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You select individuals or schools that share common characteristics for your study and those should represent a larger population. For example, you need a sample that represents all black/afro population in Colombia, so you choose a sample of 15 people that represent that population.

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You need to identify who will supply the information you need. Individuals or organizations/schools?
And if they provide information according to your questions and hypotheses