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Final Stage
Most common in middle and high school
Continues through adulthood
- Root Words/Base Words
- Greek & Latin Roots
- Generative Level:  explores the word formation process and how to generate thousands of ways to form words.

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is to examine words in order to reveal the logic and consistencies within out written language system and to help students achieve mastery in recognizing, spelling, and defining specific words.

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It is twofold.
First, students develop a general knowledge of English spelling.
Second, word study increases specific knowledge of words-the spelling and meanings of individual words.

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Students can read and spell many words
Ages 7-10 years old
most single syllable short vowel words are spelled correctly

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Syllable and Affixes Stage
- Upper Elementary & Middle School
- Expected to spell 2 syllable + words
-Errors typically occur where syllables and affixes meet.
- Includes inflectional endings (-ed, -ing, -s)
Open Syllable:  syllable ends with long vowel (hu-mor)
Closed Syllable:  syllable ends with short sound (sum-mer)

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1. What students do correctly
2. What students use but confuse
3. What is absent in students' spelling

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The purpose of Word Study is considered a twofold, the first part is general knowledge and the second part is specific knowledge. In general knowledge the students are exploring words through active exploration to discover generalizations. The second part is specific knowledge where the focus is on the spelling and meaning of the word. We use general knowledge when we encounter a new word and we use our specific knowledge to spell the word and know the meaning of the word.

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1. Emergent
2. Letter Name-Alphabetic
3. Within Word Pattern Stage
4. Syllables and Affixes
5. Derivational Relations/Advanced Reading

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Typically range from 5-8 years old
Using the sound of the letter's name/transition to using the correct letter sound
Start of combination of letters to build words

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becoming fully literate is dependent on fast, accurate recognition of words and their meanings in texts and fast, accurate production of words in writing so that readers and writers can focus their attention on making meaning.

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Typically range from 2 to 5 years old (preschool-first grade)
Scribble-like drawings to labels/pictures

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orthography= knowledge of spelling
orthography, reading, oral language, stories, writing all make up literacy
word study=hands on activities that reflect basic cognitive learning processes, comparing and contrasting by categories and word features and discover similarities and differences between categories