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Teaching a Growth Mindset: Unleashing the Learning Machine

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Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers from Scholastic

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Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers from Scholastic

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Login with Google GAFE

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Our screen capture tools help you easily create, edit and communicate with videos and images. Simple and intuitive tools to share your ideas.

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At ScreenPal, we don't believe that video recording and editing should be difficult, or cost a fortune. Our simple and intuitive tools help you get the job done easily.

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Math Games, Multiplication Games

Grand Prix Multiplication is a multiplayer math game for practicing multiplication fact fluency. Race with friends and against opponents by using correct answers to power your race car!

Save to an account!

Today's Top Players

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Here at Math Is Fun we are connect crazy ... we have made several different versions of connect-style games.

And then we made Three In A Line, and Five In A Line

Flash Versions

And we have Connect 3D, which is, you guessed it, a Three-Dimensional version of Four In A Line.

Not stopping there, we have a special version we call "Drop" - after the bottom row is full, the whole board "drops" down. This leads to some interesting strategies ...

... try Three In A Line (Drop), and Four In A Line (Drop)
Happy connecting, and don't let that nasty computer make you feel bad ... !

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Here at Math Is Fun we are connect crazy ... we have made several different versions of connect-style games. And then we made Three In A Line, and Five In A Line And we have Connect 3D, which is, you guessed it, a Three-Dimensional version of Four In A Line.

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Sheppard Software's Language Arts page features a variety of games for different grade levels.

Elementary students (and anyone who needs a refresher) can play the animated grammar and punctuation games, which review basic punctuation and grammar concepts. This section is continually being refined and expanded, so check back often!

Middle school, high school, and adult learners can review their SAT and advanced vocabulary through the SAT Words and Vocabulary in Context games. Memorizing a wide variety of important vocabulary words will really help you succeed in the verbal sections of the SATs and GREs. In addition, reading challenging books, using the vocabulary you learn in daily life, and writing will help cement the words in your mind. Practicing vocabulary will not only boost your scores on standardized tests, it will help you communicate precisely what you mean in daily life!

High schoolers and adults can learn medical and computer terminology through the Medical Jargon and Talking Tech games.

If you love games involving letters and words, please enjoy our word games section, which is great for a range of ages. These games and puzzles will exercise your mind as you have fun!

Playing these games repeatedly will strengthen your grasp of grammar, punctuation, and vocabulary in general life, and help you communicate your ideas with greater impact. Please enjoy these games, and let us know if you have any suggestions or ideas for additional interactives!

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Language Arts Games - Grammar, Punctuation, Capitalization, Vocabulary

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Improve your vocabulary, grammar, capitalization, and punctuation with these fun English games!

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Language Arts Games ONLY!

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Fourth Grade English Lessons

English lessons in the fourth grade focus on spelling, vocabulary, reading comprehension, reading fluency, reading accuracy, and writing. Within the classroom, the children are being immersed in fourth grade English lessons for a large part of the school day, and the concepts learned can be reinforced at home on the computer with the help of fun and educational games. Fourth Grade English lessons are more intense than the primary grades, as the students are learning how to think critically and more in-depth skills are required of them. With reading fiction and non-fiction texts, the fourth grade English lessons contain concepts such as vocabulary acquisition, more difficult words to spell, and more challenging stories to read. The students are taught on their specific reading and writing levels in order for them to show achievement and stay on their instructional level. Fourth Grade English lessons on the computer allow the students to have a great time while learning on their specific level of instruction.

Fourth Grade English Curriculum

By the fourth grade, students have mastered the primary graded concepts in reading. The fourth grade English Curriculum is very abstract, yet everything involved in teaching throughout the year is connected in some way. The fourth grade English Curriculum is made up of a well-rounded reading program, which contains reading a variety of text and stories, writing on a wide-range of topics, and spelling and vocabulary mastery. This curriculum builds on the foundation of what the students have learned in the ever-important primary grades, and a solid foundation is the key to being successful in the fourth grade English curriculum. Reinforcing skills and concepts already mastered is vital in making the students more confident and getting positive results and challenging the higher-level readers keeps the students interested in being the best students they can be. Enhancing the fourth grade English Curriculum with tools, such as fun and interactive educational games focus on specific skill levels for each individual student.

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4th Grade Language Arts Games | Turtle Diary

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English lessons in the fourth grade focus on spelling, vocabulary, reading comprehension, reading fluency, reading accuracy, and writing. Within the classroom, the children are being immersed in fourth grade English lessons for a large part of the school day, and the concepts learned can be reinforced at home on the computer with the help of fun and educational games.

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Suitable for grades 2 - 6, Grammar Gorillas lets you select the correct part of speech to feed the gorillas & to win. Play Grammar Gorillas online, here.

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Some more characters...

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When finished, please work on SpellingCity Word Work until completed, then read/test A.R. titles

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IXL - California fourth-grade math standards

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IXL's dynamic math practice skills offer comprehensive coverage of California fourth-grade standards. Find a skill to start practicing!

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Fill in all the gaps, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if an answer is giving you trouble. You can also click on the "[?]" button to get a clue. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints or clues!

Try the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice various math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.

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Standard Measurements for Grade 2 (Worksheet, Solution)

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Fill in all the gaps, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if an answer is giving you trouble. You can also click on the "[?]" button to get a clue. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints or clues!

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grade 5  free math games practice common core standards

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Unlock harder levels by getting an average of 80% or higher.

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Learn math the fun way with our free educational games! With animation, music, and lots of fun- kids can enjoy practicing math and increase their math skills and math memory.

Topics include: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractions, decimals, numbers, geometry, shapes, early math, integers, time, measurement and much more!

Game types involve puzzles, action games, arcade style, driving games, swimming, matching, memory and many more varieties for all kinds of learners and abilities.

You can also find math videos and math game demonstrations at our math channel on youtube:

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Measurement Games Menu - Math Games for kids

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Learn math the fun way with our free educational games! With animation, music, and lots of fun- kids can enjoy practicing math and increase their math skills and math memory. Topics include: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractions, decimals, numbers, geometry, shapes, early math, integers, time, measurement and much more!

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Rock on! Kids are taken on a wild world tour with the Twigs, a rock band, in this measurement game. Players must measure various objects that the band is using metric and standard units of measurement. Perfect for practicing everything from inches to centimeters, this game helps kids identify appropriate units of measurement for everything from guitar picks to distances traveled.

Grade

Subject

View aligned standards

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World Tour: Measurement Game | Game | Education.com

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Rock on! Kids are taken on a wild world tour with the Twigs, a rock band, in this measurement game. Players must measure various objects that the band is using metric and standard units of measurement. Perfect for practicing everything from inches to centimeters, this game helps kids identify appropriate units of measurement for everything from guitar picks to distances traveled.

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Login to rate activities and track progress.

Login to rate activities and track progress.

Most browsers are no longer supporting Flash games. We are working on making Flash playable in your browser or we will replace this game with a version that does not need Flash. Our team is actively working on it. Please check back later and keep enjoying our non-Flash games !!

Area and Perimeter Dominoes - Area and Perimeter Game

An engaging math game designed for Third Grade kids to teach them area and perimeter in a fun way. In this game, kids need to match the values of dominoe tile with the adjacent domino tile and finish the dominoe tiles as soon as they can. This game is an excellent way to increase their concentration level and attention span. This game also enhances kids' logical thinking and analytical skills. So, kids play, learn, and have fun!

How to play Area and Perimeter Dominoes

An alluring math game designed for Grade 3 kids to teach them area and perimeter in a fun-filled manner.

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Area and Perimeter Dominoes - Area and Perimeter Game

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Login to rate activities and track progress. Login to rate activities and track progress. Most browsers are no longer supporting Flash games. We are working on making Flash playable in your browser or we will replace this game with a version that does not need Flash. Our team is actively working on it.

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Rev up your engines for this intense multiplayer game! Practice your typing, math, and language skills through this race to the end. Correct answers make your monster truck go faster - the faster you answer, the faster you'll go! Boost power with consecutive right answers, or opt to slow other players down.

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Two Player Ninja Fighting Game | Turtle Diary

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Hi-ya! Get your ninja ready to battle against monsters. Race against another player to answer questions and destroy the monsters. The quicker you answer, the more power you have. Consecutive correct answers power up your ninja skills - attack with fury or retreat to save yourself.

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Suitable for grades 4 - 7, Shape Surveyor lets you calculate the area & perimeter of each shape. Complete the puzzle to win. Play Shape Surveyor online, here.

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Play vs. Computer or with a Friend!

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This browser does not support HTML5 canvas, so the game can not be played
The following browsers do support HTML5:
- Internet Explorer version 9.0 and higher
- Firefox
- Safari
- Chrome

Back to MathPlayground.com

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This browser does not support HTML5 canvas, so the game can not be played The following browsers do support HTML5: - Internet Explorer version 9.0 and higher - Firefox - Safari - Chrome Back to MathPlayground.com

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Illustrated definition of Angle: The amount of turn between two lines around their common point (the vertex).

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Angle Game for Kids

Learn about angles with this interactive angle game for kids. Follow the instructions and try squirting a number of different objects on screen, how far do you have to rotate the water hose to hit your targets? Play around and find out.

See if you can finish all the challenges given to you while you learn more about angles and geometry. Have fun with this and all our free math games for kids.

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Angle Game for Kids - Learn about Angles - Geometry Math Games

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Angle Game for Kids Learn about angles with this interactive angle game for kids. Follow the instructions and try squirting a number of different objects on screen, how far do you have to rotate the water hose to hit your targets? Play around and find out.

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Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr: Biography for Children, American History for Kids - FreeSchool

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What's New in VideoStudio

Audio and Music in VideoStudio

VideoStudio Capture, Import and Export

Masking Techniques in VideoStudio

Color Effects and Corrections in VideoStudio

VideoStudio Training by Studio Backlot

Welcome to a free preview of training provided to us by our friends at Studio Backlot. With hundreds of course and tutorials available, and access to much more, Studio Backlot produces contest for all skill levels to help you quickly learn new effects and become proficient with VideoStudio. Learn more about courses and take advantage of the free 10-day all-access pass to Studio Backlot when you purchase VideoStudio. When you join the Studio Backlot community your membership entitles you to watch every tutorial, download any stock, participate in our community forums and a host of other benefits.

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VideoStudio Tutorials - Corel Discovery Center

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What's New in VideoStudio Audio and Music in VideoStudio VideoStudio Capture, Import and Export Masking Techniques in VideoStudio Color Effects and Corrections in VideoStudio VideoStudio Training by Studio Backlot Welcome to a free preview of training provided to us by our friends at Studio Backlot.

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Corel VideoStudio | Easy & Fun Video Editing

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Turn your life’s best moments into stunning movies with Corel VideoStudio! Get creative with drag-and-drop stylish templates, artistic filters, titles, transitions, and the whole palette of advanced editing tools. Get your FREE trial.

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Unfortunately many Flash resources no longer work as Adobe have blocked Flash content from running in Flash Player from 12 January 2021. Sorry for any inconvenience caused.

For more information see Adobe's Flash Player End of Life Information page.

All of Topmarks' own authored resources still work as none are based upon Flash. We are working hard to create more free resources for you.

We have managed to keep a selection of the Flash based resources that we host with permission working without the need to have Flash Player installed.

Return to our home page.

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Unfortunately many Flash resources no longer work as Adobe have blocked Flash content from running in Flash Player from 12 January 2021. Sorry for any inconvenience caused. For more information see Adobe's Flash Player End of Life Information page. All of Topmarks' own authored resources still work as none are based upon Flash.

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(Starts by reviewing fractions, then gets harder)

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Unfortunately this resource no longer works as Adobe have blocked Flash content from running.

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(Use arrows to move and the space-bar to shoot)

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This fun game requires students to role play as Fraction Man - a super hero who must save the world from horrible, parachuting decimal aliens by converting them to harmless fractions.

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Death to Decimals and the Adventures of Fraction Man - Online Game

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This fun game requires students to role play as Fraction Man - a super hero who must save the world from horrible, parachuting decimal aliens by converting them to harmless fractions.

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Mental Math - convert fractions to decimals
Problem Solving - match equivalent fraction and decimal numbers

Common Core Connection for 4th Grade

Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100.

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Play Puppy Chase at Math Playground! Convert fractions to decimals.

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Fruit Splat Turning Fractions into Decimals

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Fruit Splat Turning Fractions into Decimals

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Math Games: Convert Fractions to Decimals - Fruit Shoot

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Practice converting fractions to decimals in this fun free arcade flash math game.

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The Polar Express narrated by Liam Neeson

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1 of 5 received...
Thanks, Aaron!

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Experience the first all-digital K-12 math & literacy curriculum

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Experience the first all-digital K-12 math & literacy curriculum

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How many times have you seen kids act without thinking? Probably a lot. Most kids have moments when they're impulsive and say or do things before they can stop themselves. They might blurt out something inappropriate or run into the street after a ball without looking.

When it happens once in a while, it can look like everyday kid behavior. When it happens a lot, though, a child may be having trouble with self-control.

Sometimes, it's a matter of maturity. Not all kids develop at the same rate, and some just take longer than others to gain the ability to stop and think before acting.

But some kids really are unable to put on the "mental brakes." They may often interrupt people, grab things, and take physical risks. For those kids, there may be something else causing the impulsivity.

Impulsive behavior often makes kids seem younger than they are. An 8-year-old might have the self-control more expected from a 5-year-old, for example. You might see behaviors that you thought would have ended long ago.

Struggling with impulsivity or any other behavior challenge can impact how kids feel about themselves. When kids have more control over their actions, they feel more "mature" and have more positive self-esteem.

About the author

About the author

Gail Belsky is executive editor at Understood. She has written and edited for major media outlets, specializing in parenting, health, and career content.

Reviewed by

Reviewed by

Bob Cunningham, EdM serves as executive director of learning development at Understood.

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How many times have you seen kids act without thinking? Probably a lot. Most kids have moments when they're impulsive and say or do things before they can stop themselves. They might blurt out something inappropriate or run into the street after a ball without looking.

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Interactive and printable flashcards - including basic operations, money, time, fractions, and algebra.

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Practice your math facts with these flashcards. Find addition, subtraction, multiplication and division flashcards, from basic math facts to 3-digit problems.

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Multiplying Fractions Soccer Game for Tablets and iPads

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Learn how to do multiplication of fractions with whole numbers quiz?

How to multiply fractions with whole numbers?

Multiplying fractions with whole numbers can be a bit tricky, but once you understand the concept, it's not that hard. A fraction is a way of representing part of a whole, with the top number being the numerator and the bottom number being the denominator. A whole number is a number that is not a fraction, like 1, 2, 3, and so on.

When we multiply a fraction by a whole number, it's important to remember that we are multiplying the numerator by the whole number and the denominator stays the same. Let's look at an example:

3 x (2/3) = 6/3

In this example, we are multiplying the whole number 3 by the fraction 2/3. We multiply 3 by the numerator, 2, and get 6. The denominator stays the same, so the answer is 6/3.

Another example is 2 x (5/4) = 10/4

It's important to remember that the denominator stays the same while the numerator is multiplied by the whole number.

We can also multiply a whole number by a mixed number (whole number and fraction). Let's look at an example of that:

3 x 2 1/2 = 7 1/2

In this example, we are multiplying the whole number 3 by the mixed number 2 1/2. To do this, we first need to convert the mixed number to an improper fraction. So, 2 1/2 is converted to (2 2)+1/2 = 5/2. Now we can multiply 3 5/2 = 15/2 = 7 1/2 which is our final answer.

It's also important to note that when we multiply fractions by whole numbers the product is always in the form of mixed number or whole number.

It is also important to note that when solving multiplication problems of fractions and whole numbers, it's important to clearly understand the problem statement and simplify the fraction when you can.

Practice and understanding the rules of fractions and the numerator and denominator would be very helpful in solving multiplication problems of fractions and whole numbers.

Another way to think about it is that if you have 4 apples and you have 1/2 of an apple, you can multiply 4*1/2 which is 2 apples. So in this example 4 is the whole number and 1/2 is the fraction.

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Multiplication of fractions with whole numbers quiz

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Learn how to do multiplication of fractions with whole numbers quiz? Multiplying fractions with whole numbers can be a bit tricky, but once you understand the concept, it's not that hard. A fraction is a way of representing part of a whole, with the top number being the numerator and the bottom number being the denominator.

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Multiplying Fractions Millionaire for Tablets and iPads

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IXL | Multiply fractions by whole numbers | 4th grade math

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Improve your math knowledge with free questions in “Multiply fractions by whole numbers” and thousands of other math skills.

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Play Snow Sprint Fractions at Math Playground! Multiply fractions to power your snowmobile.

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XP Math Games - XP Math Games Arcade - eXPerience

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Unlock harder levels by getting an average of 80% or higher.

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Unlock harder levels by getting an average of 80% or higher.

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Today, during Computer Science Education Week, we celebrate 50 years since kids programming languages were first introduced to the world with a very special creation (and furry friend): our first ever kids focused coding Google Doodle! Today's Doodle was developed through the close teamwork of not one or two but THREE teams: the Google Doodle team, Google Blockly team, and researchers from MIT Scratch!

To learn more about the history and importance of kids coding languages, we invited Champika Fernando, one of the project's most passionate collaborators at MIT, to share her thoughts:
My first experience with coding was in a free after-school program back in the eighties when I was nine years old. We programmed a little green turtle to move around and draw lines on a black screen. That programming language was called Logo. In the 1960's, long before personal computers, Seymour Papert and researchers at MIT developed Logo - the first coding language designed for kids. With Logo, children could program the movements of a turtle, giving them the opportunity to explore ideas in math and science. Papert and his colleagues envisioned that computers could eventually be used by all children as a powerful tool for learning. They saw coding as a way for kids to develop confidence and fluency with a piece of powerful, modern, and one-day ubiquitous technology. With today's Doodle -- the first coding Doodle ever -- we celebrate fifty years of coding languages for kids by "Coding for Carrots." In the interactive Doodle, you program and help a furry friend across 6 levels in a quest to gather its favorite food by snapping together coding blocks based on the Scratch programming language for kids. Like Logo, Scratch was developed at MIT and builds on Papert's early ideas about kids and computers. It's designed to be less intimidating than typical programming languages, but just as powerful and expressive. Kids programming on computers must have sounded futuristic and impractical in the 1960's when Logo was first created. In fact, even in the 1980's when I wrote my first lines of code, my working-class parents questioned how coding would ever benefit their nine-year-old daughter. Today, computers are used in almost every aspect of our lives. We have them in our homes, at work, and in our pockets. My early experiences with computers gave me confidence that I could create with new technologies, not just interact with them. Those early experiences not only influenced my career path, but provided me with new ways to express my ideas and influence the world around me. After working as an engineer at Google for some time, I now work on the Scratch Team at MIT, where we're focused on developing new ways for kids to express themselves creatively through coding. With Scratch, kids can create their own interactive stories, games, and animations, using coding blocks just like the ones in today's Doodle. They can also share their projects in an online community with millions of other kids around the world. We believe all kids should have the opportunity to develop their confidence with the technology that surrounds us. This week, millions of people around the world can and will have their first experience with coding. It makes me happy to think of all of the nine-year-olds who will get their first coding experience playing with today's Doodle. My hope is that people will find this first experience appealing and engaging, and they'll be encouraged to go further. In some ways, it's very different from my first coding experience many years ago, but I hope it will be just as inspiring and influential for them. Champika Fernando, Director of Communications, Scratch Team If you know kids having fun with today's Doodle, encourage them to also try the new CS First activity built on Scratch where they can create your own Google logo! Go here to check out some of the incredible range of things kids are creating with code.

Coding for Carrots Team

Doodle Lead Engineering: Brian Murray, David Lu

Doodle Engineering Support: Jordan Thompson

Doodle Engineering Manager: Ben McMahan

Google Blockly Engineering: Erik Pasternak, Katelyn Mann, Rachel Fenichel

Creative lead: Gerben Steenks

Artists/Animators: Alyssa Winans, Pedro Vergani

Doodle Team Leads: Jessica Yu, Brian Kaas

Program Manager: Greg Capuano

Marketing & Partnerships Lead: Perla Campos

User Testing Lead: Beth Foss

Localization Leads: Chiara Vanone, Tai Sevelo

CS First Product Manager: Chris Busselle

CS First Program Managers: Matthew Dawson, Brendan Chan

MIT Scratch: Champika Fernando, Mitch Resnick, Carl Bowman, Tim Mickel, Andrew Sliwinski

Music/Sound Design: Silas Hite

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Today, during Computer Science Education Week, we celebrate 50 years since kids programming languages were first introduced to the world with a very special creation (and furry friend): our first ever kids focused coding Google Doodle! Today's Doodle was developed through the close teamwork of not one or two but THREE teams: the Google Doodle team, Google Blockly team, and researchers from MIT Scratch!

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11Make more snowflakes.

In nature, no two snowflakes are exactly the same. Try making different shape cut-outs in Step 9 to come up with your own unique snowflakes.

Check out more paper snowflake instructions for:

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Paper Snowflake | Kids' Crafts | Fun Craft Ideas | FirstPalette.com

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11Make more snowflakes. In nature, no two snowflakes are exactly the same. Try making different shape cut-outs in Step 9 to come up with your own unique snowflakes. Check out more paper snowflake instructions for:

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Paper Snowflake Templates | Free Printable Templates & Coloring Pages | FirstPalette.com

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We have twelve free printable snowflake templates to fold and cut into beautiful paper snowflakes. Instructions with step-by-step photos are also included for easy crafting.

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Introduction: How to Make 6-Pointed Paper Snowflakes

This step by step guide will teach you how to make SIX pointed paper snowflakes. Most people make (and most how-tos teach) snowflakes with four or eight points. Real snowflakes in nature form with six points (or occasionally three if they formed weird) so I choose to make my own with six points.

Be sure that you follow each step carefully. Each step is one fold, but some steps have two pictures shown to help explain things, so please read the description underneath.

Instructables.com doesn't always show all of the steps on one page, so hit "next" to go on to the next step. Steps 4-6 tend to be the trickiest, so step 6 has an extra image to hopefully help explain better for those who are having difficulty.

All you will need for this is paper and scissors. Some people like to use fancy paper, but I use plain white copy paper because somehow the simplicity of white is more beautiful to me.

If you want to view a gallery of my snowflakes, see me on Flickr: Paper Snowflake Gallery.

Remember to rate this Instructable!

Step 1: Start With a Square

First, begin with a square piece of copy paper.

I have outlined the edges of my paper in blue to make it easier to follow along with the steps. As I fold, I keep the paper in place, so you shouldn't need to rotate or flip over the paper to follow along (unless otherwise stated). Just fold it exactly as it shows.

(TO MAKE A SQUARE: You can make a square from a rectangular piece of paper simply by folding one corner down to form an isosceles triangle and trimming off the excess paper. See second picture.)

I usually make two snowflakes for every 8.5"x11" piece of paper, so I first cut the paper in half, and then make a square from each half. This makes a snowflake about 5" across. If you're just learning to make snowflakes, using a full piece of paper for each snowflake may be easier to practice with.

Step 2: Fold in Half Diagonally.

Fold the square of paper diagonally to make a triangle.

(Note that I have marked the center of the paper square with a yellow star, as well as outlines of what the paper looked like before it was folded. This is just to help make a reference point for following along.)

Step 3: Fold in Half Again.

Fold this larger triangle in half to make a smaller triangle.

Step 4: Fold One Third.

Imagine this triangle in thirds (as shown in the first picture), and then fold the right "third" over, as shown in the second picture. If you want to be precise and have a protractor, each "third" in this step is a 30 degree angle.

Step 5: Fold Again.

Fold the left third over. Try to get all of the folds to line up as close as possible for the most symmetrical snowflake.

Step 6: Cut the "top" Off at an Angle.

Flip your folded paper over so that you're looking at the back. Then, cut off the top of the paper at an angle. Make sure to cut if off so that all remaining layers of paper are equal. As you can see, I'm basically cutting off all of those excess blue edges.

Cutting at an angle is what makes the points of the snowflake. Eventually, you'll learn to cut at different angles to make snowflakes with points that are more or less sharp.

BONUS: The extra image shown in this step is from a worksheet I made for a class, which just re-explains steps 4-6 for those who may have a harder time visualizing the "fold in thirds" part. If you've already got the hang of it, just ignore the second picture and continue on to step 7.

Step 7: Shape It!

This is where your imagination comes in. Begin cutting away from the sides of the paper. Usually, cutting small triangles from the sides is easiest, but don't forget to try other shapes.

Be careful not to cut all the way from one side to the other, or else you'll chop your snowflake in half!

In this particular snowflake, I cut the top edge (that original angle that we chopped off) to make the points turn out differently, I added some spiky cuts around the middle there, and I snipped off the very bottom at an angle (which will make a star shape in the middle of the finished snowflake).

I don't use patterns for my snowflakes: I just cut as I go. My snowflakes are never the same because I don't usually plan out my snowflakes. Sometimes I find a new cut or shape that I like, and I may use the same technique on a different snowflake, but I don't copy the whole snowflake.

Step 8: Unfold to Reveal!

Unfold the paper very carefully.

Ta da!

The snowflake will not lay flat right away, so I like to tuck them between the pages of a book for a while before displaying them. I have also ironed them (between two pieces of plain paper) to make them extra flat. Watch out though, because paper can get very hot to the touch when ironed (don't use steam!) so be sure to let it cool for a second before handling the paper, and as always excercise caution to avoid fire and burns. Ironing them also seems to make them a tiny bit stiffer, which could be good if you want to hang them rather than tape them to a surface.

Step 9: Tips!

Materials:

- Make sure you have sharp scissors and clean hands. Dirty hands make for dingy snowflakes!

-Some people recommend using cuticle scissors so that you can make even more intricate snowflakes. I don't like this for two reasons. First, cuticle scissors are not comfortable in your hand. A comfortable grip is essential. Second, it is possible to get too intricate. Too many tiny snips and not enough shaping will just make your snowflakes look like lace doilies.

-Snowflake experts recommend using tracing paper and an X-acto knife to make snowflakes, to make them even more delicate and more perfectly symmetrical. However, I still like plain paper and scissors, since those are things that anyone has and you can use them with kids.

-Some people like to use wrapping paper or other fancy paper to make their snowflakes. Use whatever you like to create the desired effect. I stick with plain white copy paper because somehow I get a lot of satisfaction from creating something so beautiful from something so ordinary.

Making Snowflakes:

-I usually make my snowflakes while sitting down on a couch or chair with a coffee table in front of me, and a small trash can between my knees. This way I can lean forward to fold the paper on the table, and then sit up and snip bits of paper into the trash can. This makes less mess.

-When folding, steps 4-5 are the hardest, when you have to try and estimate thirds. Often, you'll fold the second third over, only to discover that it doesn't line up exactly in thirds. You'll have to unfold and refold until it's as exact as you can get it. The closer to exact thirds you can get it, the more symmetrical your snowflake will be. As it is, the thickness of the paper and the amount of folding that you do will make it so that making a precisely symmetrical snowflake is almost impossible. This will be most obvious in the center of the snowflake: look at some of mine. The star in the middle of some is not perfectly symmetrical. It happens. Real snowflakes have defects too, so don't worry about it.

-Avoid what I call "blank space". This is when you're cutting your snowflake in Step 7, and you leave behind big spaces of blank paper in your snowflake. Generally, anything thicker than 1/4th of an inch gets cut down into a thinner line, or by decorated it in some way (like by making tiny triangle snips all along the edge to give it "teeth"). Otherwise, when you open your snowflake, it will have thick, clunky lines instead of nice delicate ones. Sometimes thicker lines do create a different effect when contrasted with thinner lines, but use sparingly.

Decorating With Snowflakes:

-A tiny piece of double-sided tape behind each point is a good way to stick them to a surface. I love to put mine on windows so that they're visible from inside and out. They show up beautifully at night against the dark glass.

-These can be hung from the ceiling, but be careful because they are delicate. It may be wise to cut some with thicker lines for support (imagine making a skeleton for the snowflake: thicker lines for structure surrounded by the delicate parts for show) if you want to hang them. White or invisible thread, or fishing line, works great.

-Use your practice snowflakes to decorate gifts instead of a bow. I like taping a single snowflake to a gift, and then putting a plain gift tag on top of it. The lacy looking snowflake makes a pretty backdrop for the tag.

-Save the end scraps of paper from when you cut the original sheet of paper into a square. Use these little pieces to make tiny simple snowflakes that you can place around your larger snowflakes when decorating. This makes a "sprinkle" effect that looks wonderful, and you can fill more space without using up all your larger snowflakes. I didn't discover this idea until after the picture above was taken.

Step 10: Analyzing a Snowflake

If you do want to try and copy a snowflake that you see, or at least get an idea of how to make one similar, try to visualize the slice of the snowflake that represents the completely folded paper. This is one slice out of twelve symmetrical slices. It will be a line that cuts through the middle of one point, and intersects with a line cut though the middle of the "valley" between it and the adjacent point. If it makes it easier, pretend that the snowflake is a clock and the lines you're imagining are the hands when it's one o'clock. See picture.

This slice of the snowflake shows what your cuts should look like if you want a snowflake that looks like this. It may be easier to visualize if you look at the black (cut out) spaces and think about those shapes being cut away. This is how you can make a "template", in a way, based on snowflakes that you see.

Step 11: Replicating a Real Snowflake

From time to time I try and copy a real snowflake that I see in a book or online. It's impossible to copy an actual snow crystal exactly because they're simply too intricate, they're 3-D, and some parts of the snowflake are attached with a layer of ice so thin that it looks invisible.....if you tried to copy one exactly, it would fall apart. However, you can still try to mimic the form of a real snowflake.

Real snowflakes often have large areas of "blank space" that don't look very good when rendered in paper. A flip through a snowflake photography book shows that quite a few snowflakes form as just a simple hexagon with few details. If the snowflake you're copying has a lot of blank space, embellish it anyway. Since it can't be an exact replica, it might as well be pretty!

Basically, just use the technique from step 10. Imagine the how a real snowflake would look if it were a slice of a pie. Think of the clock hands at 1 o'clock.

Above are two examples of snowflakes that I've tried to replicate. I've added a second view of each with the "slice" highlighted.

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Comets, meteors and asteroids have several things in common. First, they're believed to be remnants of the materials that created the Sun and the planets. Basically, they're leftovers. Comets, meteors and asteroids are too small to be planets. Some are only a few feet in size, while others are a mile or more long.

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1. Comet: a large body in space made of rock, ice and frozen gas

2. Meteor: small pieces of rock or minerals that have broken off a larger asteroid

3. Asteroid: a large body in space made of rock and minerals

4. Collide: run into or crash into

5. Galaxy: also known as the solar system; a system of planets, stars and moons orbiting around a Sun

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