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Charlemagne is Crowned King (768-814 AD)

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Charlemagne is Crowned King (768-814 AD)

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Charlemagne worked to build a “new Rome” centered in what is now France and Germany. As a devout Christian he helped to spread church teachings and Christian beliefs. He brought civilization and order to the barbarians of Europe. He strengthened Europe’s economy and political system and tried to advance the civilization. He did everything he could so that he could grow the kingdom and turn it into an empire as great as Rome.

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Vikings Begin Attacking Europe (800's- 900's AD)

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Vikings Begin Attacking Europe (800's- 900's AD)

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The Vikings were very dominant when they attacked anywhere so it makes sense that the Europeans of all people feared them the most. They were Germanic people comparable to the Barbarians. The government had kings and nobles but the landowners also made the laws. Some of the Vikings were hunters and gatherers while others were farmers. The Vikings chose to attack Europe because of the vast resources that the Europeans had. They would also take Europeans as their slaves.

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Charlemagne Crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Dec. 25 800 AD)

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Charlemagne Crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Dec. 25 800 AD)

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When Charlemagne was in Rome, as he knelt in prayer, Pope Leo III placed a crown on his head and declared him “Emperor of the Romans.” Charlemagne got this title because of his hard work to reunite the Europeans. He spent a ton of his time at war fighting to unite Europe. The empire was governed by Emperor Charlemagne but each region had a count (a type of official). He made sure that all officials were doing it under his command and following his rules and laws. His top priority during the rule was education. Eventually, the empire collapsed because none of the rulers who followed him had the same mindset and passion that he had.

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The Holy Roman Empire was made up of Germany and Italy. It was divided into states and regions that were ruled by princes and knights. The rulers of states would elect the emperor but eventually, the Pope was removed from being able to choose the emperor. There was a family called the Habsburgs who used marriage to gain power and control, and eventually, they became the most powerful family in Europe. However, they were never able to unite the Holy Roman Empire and that was the ultimate reason the empire fell.

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By the 900s most Europeans were governed by small, local, independent leaders, most often by local lords. Feudalism provided social and political structure to the culture of the Middle Ages. The lesser noble had to promise loyalty, military, and other services to the fief. The fief was the greater noble who was the granter of the land and the official owner. The vassal was the person who received the land. Eventually, the system turned into primogeniture. That means that there is a hereditary inheritance of the land from fief to the eldest son.

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All the crusades happened in an attempt to recapture the holy land. In this particular one, it was the Turks who were attacking. First, they captured the city of Antioch then the city of Jerusalem. In their expedition, they killed Jews and Muslims mercilessly. They brought the holy land under European control. The Turks eventually won back land during the next three crusades.

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This crusade was also about the holy land and the inability for people to settle on what to do with it. This crusade happened because Turks united and took back captured cities. King Louis VII of France and German King Conrad III joined in Damascus. They did this because they wanted to capture that city and gain control and power over the land. They failed to recapture the city. They were forced to return home to Europe in 1149.

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This one too was fought over the holy land. This time it was Muslim leader Saladin who got control of Jerusalem. In this crusade, there were three different rulers who led different armies. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, throughout his life, had accomplished many things. His main goal was to spread European dominance. King Phillip II of France and German King Conrad III were also leaders in this crusade. All three led separate armies but only one was successful in making a truce with Saladin. The others had to leave, Emperor Barbarossa drowns so his troops turned around and went back to their homeland.

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The fourth crusade was led by Pope Innocent II. He gathered a group of knights to fight for him. They left on Venetian ships to attack Zadar. Zadar was a major trade rival and they planned to overthrow them and take control. In 1204 they attacked and looted Constantinople. By doing this, Venice got control of Byzantine trade. They Byzantine Empire collapsed in 1453 when the Turks took Constantinople once and for all.

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Magna Carta is Latin for the Great Charter. It was created as a peace treaty between the king and the rebels. It also provided a limited outline of rights for England’s ordinary people and protected the liberties of the nobles.

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Caused by the dissatisfaction of Edward III of England with the nonfulfillment by Philip VI of France of his pledges to restore a part of Guienne taken by Charles IV. The hundred year was all because these two were fighting for power. It was a conflict between England and France. England ended up losing the war. The war, however, helped the parliament to become more powerful than the king. The war took the biggest toll on the French because it was fought in France.

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This is a period of time when the church was divided. There were two or three popes at a time. All the popes had different countries supporting them and had different views on certain issues. In 1414 a council met in Constance and ended the schism three years later. To end it, they removed the Italian and French popes and another pope resigned. The council elected a brand new Italian pope.

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Black Plague Begins and Ends (1347-1351 AD)

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Black Plague Begins and Ends (1347-1351 AD)

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The black plague happened during a time of filth. It happened because there were a lot of rats and the fleas that the rats had on them carried this disease. The cities had no police and were extremely dirty and unhealthy. Human and animal waste was dumped into the gutters. The disease began in Asia and spread rapidly along trade routes. The disease killed over a third of the population.

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The renaissance was a movement and advancement of philosophies and the arts. It was caused by the crusades and the interaction between the Italians and the Byzantine Civilization. The Byzantines were important because they had preserved the ancient Greek and Roman learning. The Italians took the teachings and things they learned and it sparked a new interest in Greek and Roman literature and life. The scholars of the time tried to bring the teachings into unison with the Christian teachings. The citizens eventually became torn on whether to follow the teachings of Christianity or their studies. This time period also sparked an interest in the humanities and how things worked. The power of human reason became emphasized and people began to learn new things and take new interests which further advanced their societies.

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The Spanish Inquisition was used for political and religious reasons. The religious reason that it was started was that Ferdinand and Isabella used Catholicism to unite Spain and used the Spanish Inquisition to ‘purify Spain’ by getting rid of Jews and any other non-believers.The Catholic church and the Pope tried to stop the bloodbath but were unsuccessful. As usual, politics and power were the main reasons for this onslaught. The rulers simply wanted to keep control and figured by killing off people who didn’t have the same beliefs, they would be able to do that. The rulers wanted to weaken the political opposition to Catholicism. The inquisition lasted a long time and didn’t officially end until 1834. Through the inquisition the rulers also grew in economic power and support by freeing up land via confiscation.