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Making School Safe for Kids with Food Allergies:

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Making School Safe for Kids with Food Allergies:

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For kids with food allergies, the summer is a great time to get things in order for the next school year. By spending time with your child to discuss how this year went, you can be sure that the next school year goes even better. Every kid deserves to feel as though they are safe in their classroom environment, but more than that, they deserve to participate in everyday school life, be it class activities, sports or field trips.

Many parents find out after the school year ends that their child felt left out at various school events due to their food allergies. Many kids report that they often felt singled out, missed class-wide events or even felt stressed over their food allergies. The good news is that once parents and kids open up lines of communication about handling food allergies at school, resolutions to these issues can be found. And in fact, the kids then report feeling like a "regular" kid at school once again.

Take the time to discuss the ways in which you can make school a happier and safer place for your kids with food allergies:

Many kids with food allergies may not always voice their concerns over how to handle an allergic reaction while at school. Sitting down with your child to discuss a plan of action that is concise and easy to understand can help to calm their fears about heading off to school.

This plan should include helping your child to identify symptoms of an allergic reaction, what steps they should take to convey this to the teacher, enlisting the help of classmates and where to keep any emergency supplies. Running through this plan of action at home will help to set your child's mind at ease.

Take this plan to the school and meet with the teachers and school nurse, so that your child feels comfortable that the staff is on board with the emergency plan. Be sure this includes a signed document from your physician that allows for the administration of medication if needed, especially in the case of an anaphylactic response.

In the United States, any student that has a medical condition is entitled to an Individual Health Care Plan, known as an IHCP. Many students with food allergies have individualized 504 Plans, which set up certain parameters to be certain that students with "disabilities" have the same opportunities and access to an education.

Students with food allergies should have a 504 Plan set in place so that there is clarity with regard to what their needs are within the classroom setting, as well as on field trips. This plan may include accommodations such as staff education on food allergies, the allowance of a snack to be eaten during a class, placement of an emergency care plan, permission for outside snacks on a bus trip, and a multitude of other facets to be sure your child is safe while at school. Often the plan will include expectations of the staff, parents, and students so that each is aware of their responsibilities in meeting the student's needs while in the school. Each 504 Plan is completely individualized to meet the needs of your child and is reviewed and revised yearly.

Quite often, celebrations at school involve some sort of special snack or treat. It might be for a classmate's birthday, a holiday party or perhaps a special treat for a well-behaved class. Even if snack time only lasts for a few minutes, for the student with the food allergy, the feeling of being left out can last a whole lot longer.

Some parents of kids with food allergies have provided a special snack to be kept in the classroom to be used for their child in the event that a non-suitable treat is brought in. However, many kids report that having something different then the other kids often brings more unwanted attention. So while this seems like the perfect solution, it is not always the preferred option.

It is important to speak with your school or teachers, to make suggestions about other ways to celebrate that will better meet the needs of all students. Perhaps by meeting with other parents or staff members a list of other celebratory activities can be created. Handing out stickers, making crafts, providing extra playground time or a no-homework pass are some of the options to replace the idea of giving out food.

Another option might be to set up guidelines for acceptable foods that will include those students with food allergies. This list might vary from class to class, due to the types of allergies, however, this might provide for a better system that does not exclude a student from a celebration. Limiting outside snacks to ices or fruits often covers many of the common food allergens, but again this should take into account individuals within each classroom.

What better way to help your child advocate for themselves than to help them to educate the staff, their peers and the community on understanding food allergies. Discuss ways in which you can work together to be certain that those around you understand living with food allergies. There are many resources that will send posters and education materials directly to the school so that everyone can be better informed.

Perhaps you and your child can start a support group or club at the school for others with food allergies or those with siblings with food allergies. What a great way to help your child to learn to live with their food allergies than to partner with other kids in a similar situation. Together they can share their feelings, create fundraisers or events for allergen related causes, and make a difference in keeping kids safe in school.

Walking into school knowing that you have put these actions in place, will most certainly lead to a happier, more successful and safer year ahead for the student with food allergies.

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Making School Safe and Successful for Students With Food Allergies

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For kids with food allergies, the summer is a great time to get things in order for the next school year. By spending time with your child to discuss how this year went, you can be sure that the next school year goes even better.

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Meetings & Events

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Support Groups for Kids Allergies New to this kids' allergies thing? Or a seasoned pro? Either way, we all need a hand sometime, and you are to sure find yours at one of the allergy support groups listed below. Hear stories, get advice, make connections, find confidence...

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Did you know?

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Peanut allergies are a growing problem among school-age children, and schools are struggling to cope with balancing the safety of children with peanut allergies with the freedom of non-allergic children. So what is really necessary to clean up peanut residue for children with peanut allergies, and how far do schools really need to go?

Luckily, research shows the most effective ways to clean up peanut proteins from surfaces, hands, and mouths, and sheds light on the potential for allergic reactions from airborne particles of peanut protein.

Cleaning Tables and Desks

Once peanut butter has gotten on a table, is it possible to get it all off? Do you need to use anything special to clean it with?

A recent study found that common household cleaners could easily remove all traces of peanut protein from tables. Researchers smeared a teaspoon of peanut butter over a square foot of the clean table. They then washed it off and tested the clean table for the presence of peanut protein. They found that these common cleaners left no detectable trace of peanut protein:

409 spray cleaner

Target cleaner with bleach

Lysol sipes

Plain water

Washing with dish soap left a tiny but detectable trace of peanut protein on one-third of the tables. (This finding is strange since soap should clean better than plain water.) Researchers believe that the level of peanut protein left behind by the dish soap (40-140 ul/ml) was below the minimum threshold for someone with a peanut allergy to experience a reaction. However, just to be safest, you should consider using one of the above cleaners instead.

Be aware that states and the federal government may have regulations that apply to cleaners used in school spaces, so if you're using any of the above-listed cleaning products, make sure they comply with those rules.

Washing Hands

Plain old soap and water are the most effective tools for removing peanut residue from hands. If you are away from water, use baby wipes to clean hands instead of hand sanitizer, since hand sanitizer does not remove peanut protein.

To test the best ways to wash hands, researchers coated the hands of study participants with a teaspoon of peanut butter and then asked them to wash their hands three different ways: with soap and water, with hand wipes, and with antibacterial hand sanitizer. Participants were told to wash their hands normally, like they always do (in other words, they weren't asked to scrub extra hard or to take any special steps).

Researchers found that these hand washing methods left no detectable trace of peanut protein:

Liquid soap and water

Bar soap and water

Wet Ones wipes

Tidy Tykes wipes

However, washing with plain water or using liquid hand sanitizer did not effectively remove peanut proteins. Researchers were able to find significant levels of peanut protein on all 12 study participants after washing with plain water or using hand sanitizer.

Washing Mouths

Unfortunately, rinsing or washing out your mouth does not reduce the amount of peanut protein present in your saliva, the research shows.

Researchers had study participants eat two tablespoons of peanut butter and then measured the levels of peanut protein in their saliva for several hours afterward. Researchers found that these activities did not lower the level of peanut protein present in saliva below levels that could potentially cause a reaction in someone with a peanut allergy:

Rinsing mouth out with water

Brushing teeth

Chewing gum

Waiting an hour

The only thing that did seem to lower peanut protein levels was eating a peanut-free meal and waiting several hours.

Teenagers with peanut allergies who have begun dating should be counseled on the need for open communication about their allergy with their dates because it is possible to have a severe allergic reaction from kissing someone who has recently eaten peanuts.

Airborne Peanut Particles

If you have a peanut allergy, can you have an allergic reaction just from being in a room (or on an airplane) with peanuts?

Several studies have found that cooking or heating peanuts can release allergens into the air, where they then can cause reactions. In general, the smell of peanuts or peanut butter is not enough to provoke a reaction, and neither is breathing near someone who is eating peanuts or peanut butter.

Researchers simulated different settings in which peanuts are consumed, including a school cafeteria, an airplane, and a sporting event. Study participants wore personal air monitors while they sat next to open jars of peanut butter, ate peanut-butter sandwiches, and opened multiple packages of peanuts and ate them in an enclosed area. In the last study, participants shelled and ate peanuts, then threw the shells on the floor and walked around on them. In none of these cases were the researchers able to detect any airborne peanut protein.

Another study found that 30 children with documented allergies to peanuts did not have any reaction after breathing with a cup of peanut butter held one foot from their nose over a 10-minute period.

However, yet another study found four cases of children who had allergic reactions to peanuts in the classroom in which a teacher or other adult was watching the child and knew that the child did not touch or eat the peanuts. In three of these cases, peanut butter was being heated up in the classroom. In the final case, a child was sitting next to 15 preschoolers who were eating peanut butter crackers.

A Word From Verywell

Studies show it's quite possible to clean surfaces in schools well enough so that no dangerous peanut proteins remain, and normal hand-washing should take care of any peanut residue left over on hands. However, cooking or heating peanuts in a classroom can cause allergic reactions in peanut-allergic children, and it's impossible to quickly eliminate peanut residue in people's mouths.

Thanks for your feedback!

What are your concerns?

Other Inaccurate Hard to Understand

Article Sources

Maloney, J.M., et al. Peanut Allergen Exposure Through Saliva: Assessment and Interventions to Reduce Exposure. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 118, Issue 3, September 2006, Pages 719-724

Perry, T. et al. Distribution of Peanut Allergen in the Environment Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2004, Pages 973-976

Sicherer, S.H., et al. The US Peanut and Tree Nut Allergy Registry: Characteristics of Reactions in Schools and D ay Care, J Pediatr 138 (2001), pp. 560-565

Simonte, S J et al. Relevance of Casual Contact With Peanut Butter in Children With Peanut Allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol 112 (2003), pp. 180-182.

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How to Clean Schools Properly to Eliminate Peanut Residue

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Peanut allergies are a growing problem among school-age children, and schools are struggling to cope with balancing the safety of children with peanut allergies with the freedom of non-allergic children. So what is really necessary to clean up peanut residue for children with peanut allergies, and how far do schools really need to go?

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Definition: Any physical or mental impairment generally recognized by the community of physicians or psychologists can qualify a student, as long as that impairment substantially limits one or more of their major life activities.
Read how one mom navigated through her son's new school:
https://allergyawesomeness.com/what-to-put-in-your-childs-504-plan-for-their-food-allergies/

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The Basics . . .

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Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

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ASCIA PCC Peanut, Tree Nut and Seed Allergy 2017 225.01 KB Peanut and tree nut allergy is most common in infants and young children, but may appear for the first time in adults. Peanut allergy often receives greater attention because it is common (3% of infants), exposure is hard to avoid and in some cases even trace amounts can trigger symptoms. Around 20% of cases resolve, and while severity may occasionally lessen with age, around 20% of cases can become worse with time.
Food proteins trigger food allergy

The substances triggering allergic reactions to food are proteins in the food. If a person is allergic to one protein present in one food only (such as peanut or egg) then an allergic reaction can only occur if they eat that one particular food. Some individuals may be allergic to more than one protein in more than one food and so may be allergic to several foods.

What does allergy to a nut or seed really mean?

The meaning of the terms nuts, seeds and legumes is confusing, particularly for allergic patients (or their carers) trying to decide what foods to avoid. For example, the term "legume" is often used to describe peanut as well as other plants like peas, chickpeas and soy yet this group of plants also includes wattles and the black bean tree of Queensland.

The term "tree nuts" also has limited meaning, as the foods that we consume from these plants come from a wide variety of different botanical families such as Rosaceae (almonds), Anacardiaceae (cashews), Proteaceae (macadamia nuts) or Lecythidaceae (Brazil nuts).

When we think of seeds, we often think of small seeds like sesame seed, sunflower seed, poppy seed or pumpkin seed. In fact, coconut (including the husk and inner white flesh that we eat) is also a seed. Many of the foods that we consider to be nuts are in fact part of a seed or its food source, often with the outer fruit or coating removed.

Therefore, while we often use the terms "tree nuts" or "seeds" to describe some foods, these categories are rarely useful for predicting allergy to foods of similar appearance or taste. With few exceptions (e.g. most people allergic to cashew are also allergic to pistachio), it is not possible to reliably predict the likelihood of allergy to seed or nut-like food without allergy testing to that particular food.

Peanuts are legumes, not nuts

Peanuts are legumes, like peas, lentils and chickpeas (and also diverse other plants like wattles and the black bean tree of Queensland). The proteins in peanut are very different to those in tree nuts (such as almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnut, macadamia nuts, pecans, pistachios or walnuts). Therefore someone allergic to peanut is not automatically going to be allergic to tree nuts.

Peanut allergy is becoming more common

A recent Australian study has shown that peanut allergy affects 3% of children under 1 year of age. There are many theories as to why this increase has occurred, but more research is required.

Cross reactivity is difficult to understand and harder to predict

Cross reactivity means that a similar protein is present in a range of different foods. If the same protein is present in several foods, then that person may have allergic reactions to any food containing that protein. Examples of cross reactivity include people allergic to similar proteins present in hen and duck eggs; cow's and goat's milk; or cashew and pistachio nuts.

It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a person will be allergic to one unique protein allergen present in one food only, or several similar cross reactive proteins present in multiple foods, simply based on whether foods have a similar appearance. Therefore it is not possible to reliably predict the likelihood of allergy to seed or nut like food without allergy testing to that particular food.

Allergic reactions to peanut, tree nuts or seeds can sometimes be severe

Symptoms of food allergy typically include hives (urticaria), swelling around the mouth, and vomiting, usually within 30 minutes of eating a food. Other symptoms include stomach pains, or diarrhoea.

Symptoms of severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) affect our breathing and/or our heart and may include any of the following: difficult/noisy breathing, swelling of tongue, swelling/tightness in throat, difficulty talking/hoarse voice, wheeze or persistent cough, persistent dizziness and/or collapse, and becoming pale and floppy in young children. Information on anaphylaxis is available on the ASCIA website.

Deaths from food allergy are rare in Australia, but mild, moderate and even severe allergic reactions are common. The most common foods causing life threatening anaphylaxis are peanuts, tree nuts and shellfish.

Other allergies may also be present

Food allergy is more common in people who have other allergies such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma or eczema. As many children have allergies to other foods such as cow's milk, egg or other nuts, your doctor may test for these allergies as well.

Reliable diagnosis of food allergy is important

Your doctor will normally ask a series of questions that may help to narrow down the list of likely causes of allergy such as foods or medicines consumed that day, or exposure to stinging insects. This approach will also help to exclude conditions that can sometimes be confused with food allergy.

Skin or blood allergy tests help confirm or exclude potential triggers. While the results of allergy testing are a useful guide in determining whether the person is allergic, they are not a reliable guide to whether the reaction will be mild or severe. Information on allergy testing is available on the ASCIA website: www.allergy.org.au/patients/allergy-testing/allergy-testing

Unorthodox so-called allergy tests are unproven

There are several methods of unorthodox so called tests for food allergy. Examples include cytotoxic food testing, Vega testing, kinesiology, allergy elimination techniques, iridology, pulse testing, Alcat testing, Rinkel's intradermal skin testing, reflexology, hair analysis and IgG food antibody testing. These have no scientific basis, are unreliable and have no useful role in the assessment of allergy. These techniques have not been shown to be reliable or reproducible when subjected to formal study. ASCIA advises against the use of these tests for diagnosis or to guide medical treatment. No Medicare rebate is available in Australia for these tests, and their use is also not supported in New Zealand.

Adverse consequences may also arise from unorthodox testing and treatments. Treatment based on inaccurate, false positive or clinically irrelevant results is not only misleading, but can lead to ineffective and at times expensive treatments, and delay more effective therapy. Sometimes harmful therapy may result, such as unnecessary dietary avoidance and risk of malnutrition, particularly in children. Information on these methods is available on the ASCIA website: www.allergy.org.au/patients/allergy-testing/unorthodox-testing-and-treatment

Peanuts, tree nuts and seeds are hard to avoid

Peanuts are widely used in processed Western foods and oriental cooking. This poses significant problems for people with severe peanut, tree nut or seed allergy. Laws require that any product containing peanut, tree nuts or sesame must be labelled to that effect. Therefore it is important to check the labels of all foods before purchase. Further information about reading food labels, food selection and allergen avoidance is available from the ASCIA dietary avoidance information sheets: www.allergy.org.au/patients/food-allergy/ascia-dietary-avoidance-for-food-allergy

Eating out with peanut or tree nut allergy

While you can never totally remove the risk of accidental exposure to your food allergic trigger, some simple precautions will dramatically reduce the risk. Contact your friends, or the restaurant that you plan to visit, in advance and let them know that you have a food allergy. When you arrive at the restaurant, ask to talk to the manager about any dishes that should be avoided, and ask them to let the chef know so they can take extra care in preparing your meal, to reduce the risk of cross contamination. Don't just rely on the menu descriptions of what is in the food.

Pesto and dips may have nuts as an ingredient and salads may have nuts or seeds added for texture. Sometimes nuts can be added to gravies and sauces too. Think of the methods of cooking and possible cross contamination and the likelihood of shared utensils and cookware.

In teenagers or adults who are eating out, cautiously touch test a small amount of the food on your outer lip before putting it into your mouth. Tell-tale warnings such as a burning, chilli-like reaction, tingling or swelling, should alert you to the possibility that food allergen is present.

Finally, if you have been prescribed an adrenaline (epinephrine) autoinjector, always have it and your ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis with you.

Other foods may also cause allergic reactions

Fortunately, the majority of peanut allergic people can eat other legumes with safety. There is some evidence that those allergic to peanut may be at increased risk of allergy to lupin, a bean (and another legume) that is sometimes added to baked goods like bread and sometimes confectionary as a source of protein. Its use in Australasia is currently less common than in Europe but its presence is not indicated on food labels in Australasia. It appears that some people who are allergic to both foods are allergic to the same proteins present in both foods (cross reactive response) whereas others may be allergic to distinctly different proteins in the different foods.

Other nuts and seeds can cause severe allergy

Even though there is little similarity between peanut allergens and those present in tree nuts (like walnut, almond, pecan, pistachio or cashew), there is an increased risk of other food allergies in peanut allergic children. Peanut/tree nut and seed avoidance strategies advised will largely be dictated by choking hazards in infants, the risks of cross contamination or substitution of one nut for another in commercially prepared foods, and the potential for confusion in young children (and care givers) trying to differentiate one nut product from another.

Highly purified nut oil contains little allergen

Refined peanut oils (not cold-pressed) have been shown to be safe in small studies. Unfortunately, it is difficult to guarantee that the oil is sufficiently refined to remove all traces of peanut protein, which is the trigger for allergic reactions. This particularly applies to restaurants which use peanut oils for cooking, as peanut proteins may leach into the oil during cooking, and the oil may be reused a number of times. In general therefore, avoidance of peanut oil is frequently advised. When considering the safety of tree nut oils or seeds oils (like sesame), little work has been done in this area to prove safety, so in practical terms, it is often easiest to avoid nut oils too.

Avoidance is the only proven treatment for peanut, tree nut or seed allergy

The only proven treatment for peanut, tree nut or seed allergy at this time is avoidance of the allergen. It is therefore fortunate that omitting peanuts, tree nuts or seeds from the diet has no adverse nutritional consequences for most people. Children with food allergy should take their own food with them to school and encouraged not to swap or share food. In common eating and food preparation areas, where there are children with severe peanut or tree nut allergy, nut-containing foods are best avoided. In childcare centres and preschools with very young children where the risk of food contamination of common eating areas or toys is higher, some centres request that parents to do not send nut containing foods in the lunch box to reduce the risk. This is not a policy that is considered necessary when caring for older children, although the use of nut or seed containing foods in cooking classes and science experiments is discouraged if there are students with peanut or tree nut allergy in that class.

Further information about prevention of anaphylaxis in schools, preschools and childcare is available from the ASCIA website: www.allergy.org.au/health-professionals/papers/prevent-anaphylaxis-in-schools-childcare

Research into food allergy is ongoing

The increased frequency of peanut and tree nut allergy is driving research into areas trying to find out why it has become more common, and how to treat and prevent it. Recent studies have shown that early exposure to peanut reduces the risk of allergy developing in high risk infants. Other research includes immunotheprapy (desensitisation) to swith off allergy once it has developed.

ASCIA Action Plans are essential

On average the nut allergic person will have an accidental exposure every few years, even when they are very careful to avoid the foods to which they are allergic. The difficulties of avoiding peanuts, tree nuts or seeds completely make it essential to have an ASCIA Action Plan for Anaphylaxis when an adrenaline autoinjector has been prescribed.

For those who are not thought to be at risk of anaphylaxis and therefore have not been prescribed an adrenaline autoinjector, an ASCIA Action Plan for Allergic Reactions should be provided by your medical doctor. ASCIA Action Plans must be completed by a doctor and are available from the ASCIA website: www.allergy.org.au/health-professionals/anaphylaxis-resources/ascia-action-plan-for-anaphylaxis

Nut allergy can be effectively managed

Under the supervision of a clinical immunology/allergy specialist and with a network of supportive contacts, people with allergy to peanuts, tree nuts or seeds can learn to manage their allergies. The knowledge that adrenaline autoinjectors are available offers reassurance, but is not a substitute for strategies to minimise the risk of exposure to allergen triggers.

Research continues to explore new ways of more effectively treating nut allergy. Patient support organisations such as Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia www.allergyfacts.org.au and Allergy New Zealand www.allergy.org.nz offer valuable updates and suggestions for managing food allergies.

References

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2. Hourihane J et al. Resolution of peanut allergy: case-control study. BMJ 1998; 316: 1271-5

3. Hourihane J et al. Peanut allergy in relation to heredity, maternal diet, and other atopic diseases: results of a questionnaire survey, skin prick testing, and food challenges. BMJ 1996, 313: 518-521

4. Sporik R, Hill D. Allergy to peanut, nuts, and sesame seed in Australian children. BMJ 1996;313:1477-1478

5. Ewan PW. Clinical study of peanut and nut allergy in 62 consecutive patients: New features and associations. BMJ 312:1074-1078 1996

6. Hourihane J. Randomized, double blind, crossover challenge study of allergenicity of peanut oil in subjects allergic to peanut. BMJ 1997; 314: 1084.

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8. Loza C and Brostoff J. Peanut allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 493-502.

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10. O'Hehir RE, Douglass JA. Risk-minimisation strategies for peanut allergy. Lancet. 2007 Aug 11;370(9586):483.

11. Sicherer SH, Sampson HA. Peanut allergy: emerging concepts and approaches for an apparent epidemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Sep;120(3):491-503; quiz 504-5. Epub 2007 Aug 8.

12. Peeters KA, Nordlee JA, Penninks AH, Chen L, Goodman RE, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Hefle SL, Taylor SL, Knulst AC. Lupine allergy: not simply cross-reactivity with peanut or soy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Sep;120(3):647-53. Epub 2007 Jul 16.

13. Clark AT, Anagnostou K, Ewan PW. Cashew nut causes more severe reactions than peanut: case-matched comparison in 141 children. Allergy. 2007 Aug;62(8):913-6.

14. Wainstein BK, Kashef S, Ziegler M, Jelley D, Ziegler JB. Frequency and significance of immediate contact reactions to peanut in peanut-sensitive children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007 Jun;37(6):839-45.

15. Fleischer DM. The natural history of peanut and tree nut allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2007 Jun;7(3):175-81.

16. Hourihane JO, Aiken R, Briggs R, Gudgeon LA, Grimshaw KE, DunnGalvin A, Roberts SR. The impact of government advice to pregnant mothers regarding peanut avoidance on the prevalence of peanut allergy in United Kingdom children at school entry. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 May;119(5):1197-202. Epub 2007 Mar 13.

17. Eigenmann PA, Caubet JC, Zamora SA. Continuing food-avoidance diets after negative food challenges. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006 Dec;17(8):601-5.

18. Fleischer DM, Conover-Walker MK, Matsui EC, Wood RA. The natural history of tree nut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Nov;116(5):1087-93. Epub 2005 Oct 10.

19. Pons L, Palmer K, Burks W. Towards immunotherapy for peanut allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Dec;5(6):558-62.

20. Davoren M, Peake J. Cashew nut allergy is associated with a high risk of anaphylaxis.Arch Dis Child. 2005 Oct;90(10):1084-5.

21. Pons L, Palmer K, Burks W. Towards immunotherapy for peanut allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Dec;5(6):558-62.

22. Grundy J, Matthews S, Bateman B, et al. Rising prevalence of allergy to peanut in children: Data from 2 sequential cohorts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110: 784-789.

23. Sicherer SH, Munoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: a 5-year follow-up study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 1203-1207.

24. Hsu DC, Katelaris CH. Is "nut-free" sunflower seed butter safe for children with peanut allergy? Med J Aust 2007;187(9):542-3.

25. Clark AT, Ewan PW. The development and progression of allergy to multiple nuts at different ages. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005;16(6):507-11.

26. O'Hehir RE, Douglass JA. Risk-minimisation strategies for peanut allergy. Lancet 2007;370(9586):483.
© ASCIA 2017
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Disclaimer
This document has been developed and peer reviewed by ASCIA members and is based on expert opinion and the available published literature at the time of review. Information contained in this document is not intended to replace medical advice and any questions regarding a medical diagnosis or treatment should be directed to a medical practitioner. Development of this document is not funded by any commercial sources and is not influenced by commercial organisations.

Content last updated 2017

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Peanut and tree nut allergy is most common in infants, but may appear for the first time in adults.