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Collaborative writing involves two or more persons working together to produce a written document. Also called group writing, it is a significant component of work in the business world, and many forms of business writing and technical writing depend on the efforts of collaborative writing teams.

Professional interest in collaborative writing, now an important subfield of composition studies, was spurred by the publication in 1990 of Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing by Lisa Ede and Andrea Lunsford.

Observation

"Collaboration not only draws on the expertise and energy of different people but can also create an outcome that is greater than the sum of its parts." -Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper

Guidelines for Successful Collaborative Writing

Following the ten guidelines below will increase your chances of success when you write in a group.

1. Know the individuals in your group. Establish rapport with your team.

2. Do not regard one person on the team as more important than another.

3. Set up a preliminary meeting to establish guidelines.

4. Agree on the group's organization.

5. Identify each member's responsibilities, but allow for individual talents and skills.

6. Establish the time, places, and length of group meetings.

7. Follow an agreed-on timetable, but leave room for flexibility.

8. Provide clear and precise feedback to members.

9. Be an active listener.

10. Use a standard reference guide for matters of style, documentation, and format.

Collaborating Online

"For collaborative writing, there are various tools which you can use, notably the wiki which provides an online shared environment in which you can write, comment or amend the work of others...If you are required to contribute to a wiki, take every opportunity to meet regularly with your collaborators: the more you know the people you collaborate with, the easier it is to work with them...

"You will also need to discuss how you are going to work as a group. Divide up the jobs...Some individuals could be responsible for drafting, others for commenting, others for seeking relevant resources." -Janet MacDonald and Linda Creanor

Different Definitions of Collaborative Writing

"The meaning of the terms collaboration and collaborative writing are being debated, expanded, and refined; no final decision is in sight. For some critics, such as Stillinger, Ede and Lunsford, and Laird, collaboration is a form of 'writing together' or 'multiple authorship' and refers to acts of writing in which two or more individuals consciously work together to produce a common text...Even if only one person literally 'writes' the text, another person contributing ideas has an effect on the final text that justifies calling both the relationship and the text it produces collaborative. For other critics, such as Masten, London, and myself, collaboration includes these situations and also expands to include acts of writing in which one or even all of the writing subjects may not be aware of other writers, being separated by distance, era, or even death." -Linda K. Karrell

Andrea Lunsford on the Benefits of Collaboration

"[T]he data I amassed mirrored what my students had been telling me for years: . . . their work in groups, their collaboration, was the most important and helpful part of their school experience. Briefly, the data I found all support the following claims:

1. Collaboration aids in problem finding as well as problem-solving.

2. Collaboration aids in learning abstractions.

3. Collaboration aids in transfer and assimilation; it fosters interdisciplinary thinking.

4. Collaboration leads not only to sharper, more critical thinking (students must explain, defend, adapt) but to a deeper understanding of others.

5. Collaboration leads to higher achievement in general.

6. Collaboration promotes excellence. In this regard, I am fond of quoting Hannah Arendt: 'For excellence, the presence of others is always required.'

7. Collaboration engages the whole student and encourages active learning; it combines reading, talking, writing, thinking; it provides practice in both synthetic and analytic skills."

Feminist Pedagogy and Collaborative Writing

"As a pedagogical foundation, collaborative writing was, for the early advocates of feminist pedagogy, a kind of respite from the strictures of the traditional, phallogocentric, authoritarian approaches to teaching...The underlying assumption in collaborative theory is that each individual within the group has an equal opportunity to negotiate a position, but while there is an appearance of equity, the truth is, as David Smit notes, collaborative methods can, in fact, be construed as authoritarian and do not reflect conditions outside the parameters of the controlled environment of the classroom." -Andrea Greenbaum

Also Known As: group writing, collaborative authoring

Andrea Greenbaum, Emancipatory Movements in Composition: The Rhetoric of Possibility. SUNY Press, 2002

Andrea Lunsford, "Collaboration, Control, and the Idea of a Writing Center." The Writing Center Journal, 1991

Linda K. Karell, Writing Together, Writing Apart: Collaboration in Western American Literature. Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2002

Janet MacDonald and Linda Creanor, Learning With Online and Mobile Technologies: A Student Survival Guide. Gower, 2010

Philip C. Kolin, Successful Writing at Work, 8th ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2007

Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper, The St. Martin's Guide to Writing, 9th ed. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010

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Methods and Benefits of Collaborative Writing

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Collaborative writing involves multiple people working together to write a document. It is a significant component of work in the business world.

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Group Essays = Less Grading and More Collaboration

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Practicing the 21st Century skill of collaboration is one of three practical reasons to plan to use a collaborative writing assignment in grades 7-12.

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Samarbeid om tekstskapingen fører til økt bevissthet om hva vi gjør når vi skriver.

Å skrive er ofte en ensom aktivitet, men i skriveopplæringen er det nyttig å legge til rette for at elevene kan skrive sammen. I samskriving er elevene en viktig støtte for hverandre, og samskriving er en god strategi for å skape motivasjon og mestring i skriveopplæringen. Flere studier viser at samskriving har positiv effekt, både på elevenes motivasjon, men også for elevenes skriveutvikling. Når elevene skriver sammen, blir arbeidet for mange mer lystbetont, samtidig som samarbeidet fører til økt bevissthet om hva man gjør når man skriver.

Med samskriving mener vi her at flere elever (to eller flere) er sammen om å skape en felles tekst eller at læreren skriver sammen med elevene. Elevene og læreren utgjør slik en viktig støtte for hverandre i skriveprosessen.

Samskriving kan gjøres på ulike måter. Elevene kan arbeide samtidig i det samme rommet eller de kan jobbe med samme tekst, men på ulike tidspunkt i et felles skriverom på for eksempel skolens læringsplattform. De kan også skrive hvert sitt forslag til ulike tekstdeler for så og møtes ved forhandlingsbordet. Her må elevene forhandle om teksten og hjelpe hverandre med tekstskapingen. Slik synliggjøres også skriveprosessen for elevene i større grad enn når elevene skriver alene - i samskriving gjøres skriveprosessen mer eksplisitt fordi elevene må sette ord på det de gjør og de valgene de foretar. Dette er viktig både for å øke elevenes metaspråklige bevissthet og for å utvikle elevene til strategiske skrivere. Når elevene samskriver, kan læreren lettere koble seg på elevenes skriveprosesser i en tidlig fase, og samtalen elevene imellom gir læreren viktig kunnskap om hva elevene er opptatt av, sliter med, trenger hjelp til og så videre.

Kilder

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Samarbeid om tekstskapingen fører til økt bevissthet om hva vi gjør når vi skriver. Å skrive er ofte en ensom aktivitet, men i skriveopplæringen er det nyttig å legge til rette for at elevene kan skrive sammen. I samskriving er elevene en viktig støtte for hverandre, og samskriving er en god strategi for å skape motivasjon og mestring i skriveopplæringen.

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Google docs, Wikispace, Onenote, Word online, Padlet // Google docs, Onenote, Padlet

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- Google Docs, Word online, Padlet, OneNote shared notebook, Wikipedia, appear.in, Teams (office)
- Google docs, padlet, OneNote

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Know of: OneDrive, OneNote, Google docs, Padlet, Teams, Skype, appear.in
Use: OneDrive, OneNote, Google Docs, Padlet, Teams, Skype

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You could/should use it while working together on an assignment, sharing documents/powerpoints etc. and also in class, like now, with for example Padlet.

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Project/group work, taking notes - multiple people = different views/perspective/more notes, if someone is not in class they can still have notes from the one who were there,

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OneNote - to give feedback, Padlet/mind map - to share views,

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When sharing documents with colleagues, when giving feedforward to students, making a mind map, or when you want your students to share their thoughts on something.
Also a great way to have a discussion on different topics without the noice level in class rising.

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When working on projects, cowriting on reports, making presentations. Also handy for storing important information that everyone in a group needs; i.e. phone numbers, appointments etc.

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Mindmapping, working on schedules with colleagues, feedback to students.

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You can learn from each other and also help each other learn. See the meaning of writing.

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Advantages can be multiple people taking notes means severeal different perspectives and views, and probabaly more detailed because people focus on different things, another good thing is if people have questions they can ask and/or get their answers from other peoples notes,get and give feedback, learn from others

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Makes the students take part in the work - owning the knowledge, motivates students to write/contribute.

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Digital knowledge can be a factor, access to tools they need to participate (pc, iPad etc.), requires internet access.

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Requires an internet connection (if it's digital), it can be a little messy, if it's in class - a lot of time can be wasted in setting up and getting the students involved or calmed down, it can be easier to be derailed/distracted when working with others

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It might be easy for some to be lazy while others do the work. Also the possibility to sabotage, when everyone can edit the document.

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1. Get to know the digital tools, and find the one that fits the task.
2. Make sure everyone participates
3. Be clear on who is responsible for writing what.
4. Ask for IT support when needed.
5. Don't be afraid to try. Even if you don't succeed, you still might learn something.

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1. Participation (people have to participate for it to work)
2. Learning to use the different tools and programs correctly
3. Communictaion is key
4. Don't be afraid to ask for help
5. MOtivation - you can learn from others who are betterthan you, so don't give up if it's difficult

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* Motivation
* Dont be afraid to share, others might learn from it.
* Split the tasks evenly
* Sit together when working together, then you can talk while working.
* Coffebreaks