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* 1st Wave
- 18th century - 1920
a. Right to vote
* 2nd Wave
* 3rd Wave
- 1980s - today

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- Still occurring in today's society
- No definite outcome

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- French Revolution Impact
- Women encouraged to think outside of standards by the enlightenment
- Notice in inequality of women

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2/23/1917
- women workers (in factories) protested
- husbands fighting in war
Sept. 1917
- Vladimir Lenin
- Called for new revolution
10/10/1917
- Secret meeting
- In favor of revolution
10/25/1917
- Troops took control
3/3/1918
- Withdrew Russia from WWI
- Lost much territory

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February Revolution
- Abolished death penalty
- Ended religious and ethnic discrimination
- Granted freedom of civil liberty
October Revolution
- Russian Civil War (Nov 7, 1917 - Oct 25, 1922)
- Didn't believe in ...
1. End of War
2. Land Reform
3. Better quality of life

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- People were suffering
- Expressed outrage
- Activist helped plan revolution
- Trade unions were formed to help revolt

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Latin America
- Needed people to fight Spanish forces
- Gained independence
- Uniting colonies was hard
- Distinct identities
- Became impoverished, unstable, underdeveloped, and dependent on others

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- Freedom from Spain
- Many deaths
- Constitution
- Economically dependent
- Caudillos: military leaders

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- Social Class Standings
1. Peninsulares
2. Creoles
3. Mestizos + Mulattoes
4. Labor
- Inspired by enlightenment
- Wanted colonial rule
- Inspired by French and American

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- Storming of Bastille (1789)
- The Three Estates
- Gender Equality questioning

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- Spread of enlightenment across Europe
- Abolished monarchy
- Created French Republic

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- King demanding common people to pay higher taxes
- bankruptcy
- Estates general: each received one vote
- Clergy (1% of population)
- Nobility (1%)
- Commoners (98%)
* Unfair

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Boston Tea Party

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- Battles of Lexington & Concord
- 2nd Continental Congress
- Colonies start losing, then French come to help

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- Colonies Win
- Help from French
- Fighting for common cause
- Freedom

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- Britain started to tax the colonies
- Made colonist angry
- Colonies got together to discuss

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- Slaves were soon free
A. Caused Haiti to become poor
i. Economy was based on

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1. Grand Blancs: Big White Planners
A. Wanted new trading laws
2. Gens de Coleur: wealthy free people of color
A. Wanted racial equality
3. Petite Blancs: poor whites
A. Mad because people of color (Gens de Coleur) were equal
4. Slaves: 90% of population

* Slave revolt

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Ottoman Empire no longer existing today

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1839: Sultan Abdulmecid issued an imperial edict, known as the Tanzimat Fermani

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CCP won in civil war and kicked out the Nationalist

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Nationalist disagreed with the CCP's

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Reforms between 1839 - 1876

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- Promised a lot of laws that would were claimed to be put into action
- Laws were never put into action
* Caused more deaths than Hitler
1. Steel furnaces in back yard
A. Dangerous
B. Bad steel
2. Attempted to improve agricultural and industrial problems
A. Caused 20 million people to die
i. Due to starvation
3. 28,332 People executed in Guan Dong along
A. People accused of being spies
Today: Still the People Republic of China
- PRC created and first ruled by Mao

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- CCP WON
- Nationalist sent away to Taiwan

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- Guomindang or Kuomintang
- Number one belief: Anti-Communist

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- Chinese Communist Party
- Focused on urban working class

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Chiang Kai Shek
1920 - 1950

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"You say you want a revolution ... we all want to change the world"

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More wealthy due to money from indulgences. Very materialistic.

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Believed you only needed yourself and the bible.

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These were posted on the doors of the church (public)

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Bob's Gear Drive Your Passion Beyond Limits

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Bob's Gear is your ultimate guide to navigating life's journeys, offering expert insights on auto news, lifestyle tips, health advice, and more.

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Enlightenment

using one's own understanding without the help of someone else

This idea had been one of Immanuel Kant

Focused more on human form.

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Many scientific thinkers contributing to the scientific world at the time

Included ideas of art, scholarship, social science, philosophy

Example:

Copernicus' Ideas

The sun is the center of the universe

Heliocentric Solar System

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The renaissance was not real

This is because people living in the time of the Renaissance didn't really know the impact that they were making

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Printing Press

Printed in everyday German

Appealed to common folk

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Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their doctrines.
Worked to fix problems that started the Protestant reformation.
- Out of this came the JESUITS
- Religious group dedicated to counter-reformation

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Martin Luther (1483 - 1546)
Main Idea: The Bible should be interpreted according to one's conscience.
- This idea went against the church
SOLA FIDE = faith alone
Removed:

Indulgences

Rituals

Sacraments

Saints

Asked for Church to fully reform itself
- Church had refused
MARTIN LUTHER CREATED THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Protestant reformation = protest + reform

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Selamat datang di Togel55, situs togel online terpercaya untuk bermain Hongkong, Singapore, dan Macau. Togel55 menawarkan pelayanan yang dapat diandalkan,

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Saying that Martin Luther or whoever criticizes the church is the devil

"Christians must be taught to cherish excommunications."

They should really be scared because people of the Church don't want to get excommunicated

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Main Point: People shouldn't pay the church for indulgences. The pope has too much power.
Examples from These:

1.  Pope is lying to the people just to get money.

1. "People deceived by high-sounding promise."

2. Indulgences are based on the Pope's opinion, not God's.

3. The people in control of the church are getting greedier along w/ the more money that get.

4. Being a Christian, you should be giving money and not trying to get anything out of it.

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Pope was heavily in charge

Indulgences; according to the pope

People didn't like that you had to pay to be forgiven of sin

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African people being forcefully spread around the globe

Triangular Trade

Africa -> slaves to America.

America’s -> furs/sugar/tobacco/cotton to Europe.

Europe -> guns/metal materials/alcohol to Africa.

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European Empires in the Americas
- The European Advantage
- European countries were psychically closer to the Americas
- Needed to expand; becoming overpopulated
- European people were driven by certain things
Elites: religion
Rulers: rivalry of other competing states
Nobles and Commoners: gaining wealth/status

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Chapter 15 Cultural & Religious Transformation

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Chapter 15 Cultural & Religious Transformation

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Population boom

16 million slaves were taken out of African homes for slave trade

14 mill crosses the Atlantic

4 mil died

Over 90% went to Caribbean and Brazil

Only 3.6% went to English colonies (North America)

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Fur became very popular
- Fur was called "soft gold"
- There was a little "ice age"
Natives traded fur for new things like:
- pots
- pans
- alcohol
- guns
All leads to warfare

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All silver ended up in China
People bought Chinese goods with silver
Didn't need goods from other countries
Countries had limited amount of silver

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Location: South America (now day Brazil). Andes Mountains.
Natives did mining work because African Americans didn't have the lung capacity.
Potosi - "A portrait of hell"
Conditions were terrible
- Most likely to die while mining

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Belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world and our country must seize all that we can before another takes it from us.

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Raw: wood, cotton...
Finished: chair, clothing...

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1. Dutch and British overtook the Portuguese in Indian commerce

2. Ruled in parallel areas

1. Often used violence

3. Dutch had large monopoly on the spice islands

1. English had to find commerce elsewhere

4. English commerce

1. India (3 major trading post)

2. Mughal (with approval)

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1. Established themselves on the Philippine islands

2. Spanish were determined to spread Catholicism to the islands

1. result: turmoil between Spanish and Chinese

3. Spanish massacred 20,000 Chinese people in 1603

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1. Trading Post Empire

1. Controlling trade/commerce by use of force

2. Tried to control spice trade. Didn't work out.

3. Steep decline by the 1600s

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Sugar colonies
- Through the

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Listed from top class to bottom
- Peninsulares = White Spaniards born in Spain
- Creoles = Spaniards born in America
Parents: Two Peninsulares
- Mestizo = Mixed race, initially Spanish men and native women
9 to 1 Spaniard men to women
Group became largest pop. in Mexico
- Indians = native, indigenous people

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2 Types of Farming

1. Ineffective crops

1. Low proteins

2. Bananas

2. Effective crops

1. High Protein

2. Wheat

3. Potatoes

Domestication of animals provides:
- Food
- Clothing
- A labor source (plowing)

* All of these things depended on GEOGRAPHIC LUCK
- Resources were only in some places in the world

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Spanish Legal System
- Spanish rule requiring natives to work for Spanish settlers in return for "protection" and the Christian faith.
- Most people were forced into this, didn't have a choice.