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phases of a revolution

made by Crane Brinton

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Series of government reforms from 1839-1876 that was made to centralize and rationalize rule and get more revenue for military defense of this empire. Tried to halt the empires decline. Unsuccessful in long run as this empire is no longer around.

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hong xiuquan believed he was the brother of Jesus and second son of God

Primitive communism - women and men were equal

Forts had to be destroyed; officials were punished; foreign legations protected Beijing

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The largest Slave revolt in world history, this was when an island fought against the government for freedom and many other things like slave freedom. Ended in freedom for slaves but now country is very poor because wealth went down after slavery ended.

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From 1800-1830, many different revolutions that stemmed from wanting to be separate from Spain, not wanting taxes, and Peninsulares being the only ones that could make decisions and hold office.

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Nationalists and CCP fought for power in this country. Civil war broke out after WWII. CCP won and created a communist society ruled by Mao ZeDong which has caused many problems and several million deaths. This country is till communist.

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Two revolutions, one in Feb. 1917 and Oct. 1917. February revolution led to October revolution. Revolution led to civil war which led to communism in this country.

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korean coup against shogunate because of feudalism

china became comunists

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2nd Wave of this revolution took place in the 1960's and 70's and was started to show that women could be more than just homemaker. Resulted in legalization of Abortion and the 1969 Divorce Reform act. Though things got better, still fighting for equality today (#MeToo movement and equal pay)

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After monarchy began to put heavy taxes on things such as tea, this led to the Declaration of Independence and war with the monarchy. With the help from the french these colonists won and now this country is independent.

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From 1789-1815, this revolution was caused by the estates general (unfair way of voting) and the monarchies demanding commoners pay taxes. Led to spread of enlightenment across Europe and there no longer being a monarch in this country.

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protestants minority in France

Catholics fought and killed Huguenots in France

30 years' war (1618-1648) = catholic - protestant struggle that began in holy roman empire, but spread to all of Europe

Catholicism -> protestant reformation (ML) -> counter reformation (fix issues) -> Jesuits

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-> cultural renewal

Individual

Human thought

Art based on these things

"humanists"

happened in italy because they had $$$

The renaissance is a concept held by the elite of society

There's no scientific discoveries of this happening

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catholic church corrected their mistakes and cases that people were suspicious about

The church promotes the things that are correct -> slowly fixes the problems

Catholic Church responds to ML and they try to fix corruption and make church whole again

Jesuits

Council of Trent

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the split of the catholic church; new religions were forming

1517

ML causes split in Catholic Church -> creates Protestant faith from this

95 theses that complained ab the Catholic Church and told them what they needed to change so they could fix it -> Catholic Church tells him he's the "devil" and the "antichrist" and they keep arguing -> ML was excommunicated

"faith alone"

ML thinks all you need is the bible and people should learn it and connect with God by themselves (no need for a priest/pope/sacraments/etc.)

simplicity

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people came out and said things that contradicted the faith so many people had doubts

New thinkers came in and changed the mindsets of the people

Catholic church believed these people were contradicting the church

Copernicus starts off with helio centric solar system

Europe sees its success first; basis comes from Muslim scholarship

Thinkers were still religions

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art & literature became a popular activity for people; individualism

Rebirth of ideas, ways of thinking

Ideas logic / reasoning to gain knowledge

Philosophical ideas that lead to political changes

Locke, Kont, Smith

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Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Pope Leo X (1513-1521): pope at the time of reformation, extravagant/loved the arts, put the church in great debt

Bible should be interpreted according to one's conscience

Went against needing the authority of the church - only need the bible

Women's roles did not change much from that of catholic church - closed convents, promoted reading the bible

Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist

Resulted in dramatic religious conflicts throughout Europe

catholic church has tons of power -> split into 2 parts: remaining catholics & ML followers

the great Schism

protestant reformation
1. change in belief
2. power struggle b/t church & kings

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What did the religious world look like in 1500s?

New religions kept developing. Catholicism was the main religion.

What did Catholicism look like during this time period?

Catholicism was a popular religion. They were against the protestant religion. Slowly
got taken over.

Why might some people have been unhappy with the church?

There were abuse cases. People didn't like the popes and bishops living such a
magnificent life while they were preaching to be humble.

Who was Martin Luther? What did he want?

Martin Luther set up many other religions because he disagreed with what the church      was teaching so he made his own religion.

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chapter 15: cultural transformations   (1450-1750)

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chapter 15: cultural transformations   (1450-1750)

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Belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world and our country must seize all we can before another takes from us.
African diaspora = African people being spread throughout the world; many will die

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- materials you find in the environment that you make into something new

finished products = ex. houses, boats, clothes

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1. Established themselves in what islands? Philippines

2. Why did they set up colonial rule here, as opposed to just ports? (1) Proximity to china and spice islands. (2) Small and militarily weak societies. (3) Lack of competing powers.

3. Spanish were determined to bring Catholicism to the islands

4. This resulted in mush turmoil between the Spanish and the Chinese people. The Spanish ended up massacring 20,000 people in 1603.

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1. Trading post empire = controlling commerce/trade by use of force, not necessarily populations or large areas of land

2. Tried to control the SPICE trade, but never were able to control more than 1/2

3. Instead of selling European goods, they sold ASIAN GOODS and their  services to the people of India and Asia

4. Had control over Indian port cities

5. By 1600 (what year?) the Portuguese trading post empire was in STEEP DECLINE

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- abundance of resources wanted by Europeans
spices, indian cotton rhubarb, emeralds, rubies, etc

Large empires learning to tax more effectively and grow their military

England, Spain, Netherlands became center for international; commerce

Many Europeans goods were not wanted or needed in the East

Pushed the need to pay Muslims/Eastern countries in cash

Pushed for the need for precious metals (gold, silver, etc.)

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chapter 14: Economic Transformations  (1450-1750)

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chapter 14: Economic Transformations  (1450-1750)

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britain
portugal
spain
france
etc.

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= revolutionary trade of goods, plants, animals, people and disease between Europe & the Americas

racial blending

mestizo

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people moved for land/space
diseases caused population to decline

need for labor for new crops

tobacco

sugar

cotton

-> AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

monoculture (biologically singular = same meaning): morphed into one

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new world -> old world = high calorie diet (population boom)

potatoes

corn

beans

STAY ALIVE LONGER = MORE BABIES

world's population DOUBLES (1650-1850)

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- biologically singular
13 pigs -> 3 years -> 700+ pigs

breed quick

source of food

live in any environment

horses = old world -> new world
- llamas: did nothing

natives abandoned agriculture in favor of nomadic hoarding

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Europeans bring smallpox to the Americas  (and vice versa)  -> immediate death for americans bc they haven't been exposed to it before

killing 90% of natives

kings were killing

immediate turmoil

made it easier to take over

NEW WORLD = AMERICA

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Ming dynasty china

Population was reduced by the plague

Disrupted by Mongol rule

Emperor Yongle

Sponsored encyclopedia

Moved capital to Beijing

Temple of heaven

Rituals

Somewhat known for maritime  expeditions

300 + ships

Physicians, government officials, astrologers, eunuchs, carpenters, tailors, accountants, merchants, translators, cooks, soldiers, and sailors

Visited many ports around Asia

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chapter 13: Political Transformations (1450-1750) 

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chapter 13: Political Transformations (1450-1750) 

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aztec:

southern US/northern Mexico

buildings for worship & sacrifice

specialized jobs (making things for trade)

left the people they conquered alone

gender parallelism

inca:

Andes Mountains

forced to worship Incan Deities, each province had a governor

women were taken and sold as wives or priestesses

gender parallelism

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village based, agriculture based societies

Igbo: African tribe that flourished on their own

traded and communicated with other tribes

were not ruled by kings

later taken over by missionaries and the slave trade

Iroquois: developed agriculture practices in now central NY state

some agriculture became "women's work"

people began talking out their problems and differences

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- hunter gatherer tribes

mainly located in Australia, SIberia, & parts of Africa and the Americans

some groups were more advanced because of the resources they had access to

agriculture takes over and pushes a lot of hunting/gathering groups into inexistence

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chapter 12: The World's of the Fifteenth Century (1300-1450)

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chapter 12: The World's of the Fifteenth Century (1300-1450)