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Rothoek-Kwarekken, Westerlo; rich of water plants

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Rothoek, Westerlo; high biodiversity of plants.

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1 - Extremadura, Spain
picture taken during my trip through Extremadura in 2015

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Favourite Plants:
1-Euparium cannabinum or Hemp-agrimony 

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Favourite Plants:
1-Euparium cannabinum or Hemp-agrimony 

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Scientific binominal name: Eupatorium cannabinum
Eupatorium cannabinum, commonly known as hemp-agrimony, or holy rope, is a herbaceous plant of the daisy family. It is a robust perennial native to many areas of Europe. It is cultivated as an ornamental and occasionally found as a garden escape in scattered locations in China, the United States and Canada. If the genus Eupatorium is defined in a restricted sense (about 42 species), E. cannabinum is the only species of that genus native to Europe (with the remainder in Asia or North America).

Classification:
Kingdom:       Plantae
Clade:          Angiosperms
Clade:          Eudicots
Clade:          Asterids
Order:          Asterales
Family:          Asteraceae
Genus:          Eupatorium
Species:       E. cannabinum
Binominal name: Eupatorium canabinum L.

Morfology:
Eupatorium is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, containing from 36 to 60 species depending on the classification system. Most are herbeceous perennials growing to 0.5–3 m (1.6–9.8 ft) tall. A few are shrubs. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most are commonly called bonesets, thoroughworts or snakeroots in North America. The genus is named for Mithridates VI, king of Pontus, named Eupator Dionysos, who discovered the plant himself.
Eupatorium cannabinum (hemp agrimony) is a perennial herb up to 1.5 meters tall or more and 1.2 meters wide. It lives in moist low-lying areas in temêrate Eurasia. It is dioecious, with racemes of mauve flower heads which are pollinated by insects from july to early september. The flowers are visited by many types of insects, and can be characterized by a generalized pollination syndrome. The flower heads are tiny, fluffy and can be pale dusty pink or whitish. The fruit is an achene about 2 or 3 mm long, borne by a pappus with hairs 3 to 5 mm long, which is distributed by the wind. The plant over-winters as a hemicryptophyte.
Perennials, 30–150 cm. Stems (from short rhizomes) single, branched distally, puberulent. Leaves opposite; subsessile or petiolate; blades palmately 3(–5)-lobed (at least larger proximal, lobes relatively broad), blades (or lobes) lanceolate to lance-ovate, 50–100 × 20–40 mm, margins serrate, apices rounded to acute, faces puberulent, gland-dotted. Heads in dense, corymbiform arrays. Phyllaries 8–10 in 2–3 series, oblong, 4.5–6 × 1.5–2 mm, apices rounded, abaxial faces puberulent, gland-dotted. Florets (4–)5(–6); corollas (usually pinkish) 2–2.5 mm. Cypselae 2–3 mm; pappi of 20–30 bristles 3–5 mm. 2n = 20.
Flowering Jul–Sep. Disturbed sites; 10–100 m; introduced; B.C.; N.Y., Pa., Va.; Europe.

Etymology
Eupatorium cannabinum is an accepted name. This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus Eupatorium (family Compositae). I hits around 33 synonyms, according to the Plants List.

Vernacular names:
English: hemp agrimony; Deutsch: Gewöhnliche Wasserdost, Kunigundendraut, Leberkraut; español: cañamazo Eupatorio; français: Eupatoire à feuilles de chenvre; magyar: sédkender; Nederlands: Koninginnekruid, Leverkruid.

Medical traits & Uses :
Olivier de Serres (16th century agronomist) also had the plant in his medicinal herb garden and said that it is a good remedy for dysentery, snake bites and "to unclog the liver". The plant was used against colds and fever and especially
recommended for obstructions in the liver and constipation due to hepatic
insufficiency and weakening internal organs. In use, the plant has the reputation that it can remove tumors from the posterior and the scrotum.
Stimulating the bile and the immune system. It
possesses bile-drifting properties (these stimulate the breakdown of bile in
the digestive system) and protects the liver. It stimulates the immune system and fights virus diseases.
Active substances: Polysaccharides, flavonoids, benzofurans, sesquiterpene lactones, an essential oil containing alfaterpinene, p-cymene, thymol, pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Toxity : Eupatorium cannabinum contains tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloïds. The alkaloids may be present in the plant material as their N-oxides.

Investigation of medical properties:
^Fu, P.P., Yang, Y.C., Xia, Q., Chou, M.C., Cui, Y.Y., Lin G., "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements", Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 198-211
^Woerdenbag, H. J. (October 1986). "Eupatorium cannabinum L.". Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Scientific Edition. 8 (5): 245–251. doi:10.1007/bf01960068. ISSN 0167-6555.
Medical dictionary: Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Eupatorium+cannabinum
WebMD, Drug and medications center: : https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-491/hemp-agrimony
Therapeutic Uses, Benefits and Claims of Hemp Agrimony: https://www.herbal-supplement-resource.com/hemp-agrimony.html
Hemp agrimony tincture: https://balkanherb.com/products-item/298
PMC US National Library of Medicine: 67 hits: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=eupatorium+cannabinum
e.g. Cytotoxicity of Eupatoriumcannabinum L. ethanolic extract against colon cancer cells and interactions with Bisphenol A and Doxorubicin

Edna Ribeiro-Varandas, Filipe Ressurreição, Wanda Viegas, Margarida Delgado

BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014; 14: 264. Published online 2014 Jul 24. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-264

Plant for a Future:  https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Eupatorium+cannabinum
Alterative;  Antitumor;  Cholagogue;  Depurative;  Diaphoretic;  Diuretic;  Emetic;  Expectorant;
Febrifuge;  Homeopathy;  Laxative;  Purgative;  Tonic.
Hemp agrimony has been employed chiefly as a detoxifying herb for fevers, colds, flu and other viral conditions. It also stimulates the removal of waste products via the kidneys. Due to its content of alkaloids, the plant should only be used under professional supervision. The leaves and flowering tops are alterative, cholagogue, depurative, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, purgative and tonic. The plant has a long history of use as a gentle laxative that does not provoke irritation, though excessive doses cause purging and vomiting. A tea made from the dried leaves will give prompt relief if taken at the onset of influenza. Recent research has shown that the plant might have anti-tumour activity, though the plant also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can cause damage or cancer to the liver. The plant is harvested in the summer and dried for later use. The roots are diaphoretic, laxative and tonic. They are harvested in the autumn and dried for later use. Recently the plant has been found of use as an immune system stimulant, helping to maintain resistance to acute viral and other infections. A homeopathic remedy is made from the leaves. It is used in the treatment of influenza and feverish chills[4] and also for disorders of the liver, spleen and gall bladder.

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Scientific binominal name: Filipendula ulmaria
Filipendula ulmaria, commonly known as meadowsweet of mead wort, is a perennial (a plant that lives more than 2 years) herb in the family Rosaceae (the rose family) that grows in damp meadows. It is native throughout most of Europe and Western Asia (Near east and Middle east). It has been introduced and naturalised in North America. Meadowsweet has also been referred to as queen of the meadow, pride of the meadow, meadow-wort, meadow queen, lady of the meadow, dollof, meadsweet, and bridewort.

Classification:
Kingdom:       Plantae

Clade:          Angiosperms

Clade:          Eudicots

Clade:          Rosids
Order:          Rosales
Family:         Rosoceae (Rose family)
Genus:         Filipendula
Species:       F. ulmaria
Binominal name: Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.

Morfology:

The stems are 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) tall, erect and furrowed, reddish to sometimes purple. The leaves are dark-green on the upper side and whitish and downy underneath, much divided, interruptedly pinnate, having a few large serrate leaflets and small intermediate ones. Terminal leaflets are large, 4–8 cm long, and three- to five-lobed.

Meadowsweet has delicate, graceful, creamy-white flowers clustered close together in irregularly-branched cymes, having a very strong, sweet smell. They flower from early summer to early autumn and are visited by various types of insects, in particular Musca flies (Musca is a genus of flies).
The flowers are small and numerous, they show 5 sepals and 5 petals with 7 to 20 stamens.

Etymology
Other names: Meadowsweet is known by many other names. In Chaucer’s The Knight's Tale it is known as meadwort and was one of the ingredients in a drink called "save". It was also known as bridewort, because it was strewn in churches for festivals and weddings, and often made into bridal garlands. In Europe, it took its name "queen of the meadow" for the way it can dominate a low-lying, damp meadow.

Etymology:
The name ulmaria means "elmlike", possibly in reference to its individual leaves which resemble those of the elm (Ulmus). Like slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) bark, the plant contains salicylic acid, which has long been used as a painkiller. However, the generic name, Filipendula, comes from filum, meaning "thread" and pendulus, meaning "hanging". This is said to describe the root tubers that hang characteristically on the genus, on fibrous roots.
Vernacular names:
English: queen of the meadow, meadowsweet, queen-of-the-meadow, bridewort, meadow queen, meadow-wort, pride of the meadow, lady of the meadow, dollof, meadsweet; Deutsch: Echtes Mädesüss, español & italian: Ulmaria; français: Rein-des-prés, almaire; galego: Herba ulmeira; magyar: Réti legyezőfű; Nederlands: Moerasspirea.

Medical traits & Uses :
The whole herb possesses a pleasant taste and flavour, the green parts having a similar aromatic character to the flowers, leading to the use of the plant as a strewing herb, strewn on floors to give the rooms a pleasant aroma, and its use to flavour wine, beer, and many vinegars. The flowers can be added to stewed fruit and jams, giving them a subtle almond flavor.
It has many medicinal properties. The whole plant is a traditional remedy for an acidic stomach, and the fresh root is often used in homeopathic preparations. Dried, the flowers are used in potpourri. It is also a frequently used spice in Scandinavian varieties of mead.

Chemical constituents include salicylic acid, flavone glycosides, essential oils, and tannins. In 1897, Felix Hoffmann created a synthetically altered version of salicin, derived from the species, which caused less digestive upset than pure salicylic acid. The new drug, formally acetylsalicylic acid, was named aspirin by Hoffmann’s employer Bayer AG after the old botanical name for meadowsweet, Spiraea ulmaria. This gave rise to the class of drugs known as non-steridoial anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A natural black dye can be obtained from the roots by using a copper mordant (dye fixative). A tea made from Filipendula ulmaria flowers or leaves has been used in traditional Austrian herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, gout, infections, and fever.

Meadowsweet has a very long history of herbal use, it was one of the three most sacred herbs of the Druids. The leaves and flowering stems are alterative, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic and tonic. The plant is harvested in July when it is in flower and can be dried for later use. The flower head contains salicylic acid, from which the drug aspirin can be synthesised. Unlike the extracted aspirin, which can cause gastric ulceration at high doses, the combination of constituents in meadowsweet act to protect the inner lining of the stomach and intestines whilst still providing the anti-inflammatory benefits of aspirin. The herb is a valuable medicine in the treatment of diarrhoea, indeed it is considered almost specific in the treatment of children's diarrhoea. It is also considered to be a useful stomachic, being used to treat hyperacidity, heartburn, gastritis and peptic ulcers, for which it is one of the most effective plant remedies. It is also frequently used in the treatment of afflictions of the blood. Meadowsweet is also effective against the organisms causing diphtheria, dysentery and pneumonia. This remedy should not be given to people who are hypersensitive to aspirin. A strong decoction of the boiled root is said to be effective, when used externally, in the treatment of sores and ulcers. A homeopathic remedy is made from the fresh root.

Investigation of medical properties:

Medical dictionary: Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (c) 2005, Elsevier: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Filipendula+ulmaria

Edible Plant Guide © 2012 Markus Rothkranz : https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Filipendula+ulmaria

Purple Sage Medical Herbs: http://www.purplesage.org.uk/profiles/meadowsweet.htm

Wren, R.C. 1988, Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, C.W.Daniel, Saffron Walden.

Jenkins, C; Costello, J; Hodge, L (2004)."Systematic review of prevalence of aspirin induced asthma and its implications for clinical practice". BMJ(Clinicalresearched.). 328(7437):434. PMC 344260. PMID 14976098. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7437.434.

You tube: Meadowsweet (Filupendula ulmaria):  https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=filipendula+ulmaria&view=detail&mid=35DF178DC43A99F72A1A35DF178DC43A99F72A1A&FORM=VIRE

Europe medicines agency: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/herbal-monograph/final-community-herbal-monograph-filipendula-ulmaria-l-maxim-flos-first-version_en.pdf

Materia medica: https://herbalmateriamedica.wordpress.com/2014/08/04/filipendula-ulmaria/
Bone & Mills, 2013; Braun & Cohen, 2010, e.a..
Constituents: Flavonoids (incl. rutin, glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol glycosides); hydrolysable tannins (notably rugosin-D); phenolic glycosides (incl. spiraein); and essential oil (containing salicylaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol and methylsalicylate) (Bone & Mills, 2013, p. 743).

Medicinal Herbs: http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/f/filipendula-ulmaria=meadowsweet.php

PMC US National Library of Medicine:133 hits:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=filipendula%20ulmaria

Plant for a Future: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Filipendula+ulmaria

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My region is situated in the Atlantic Region in Flanders (Belgium). Habitats are grasslands, wetlands and river/lakes.

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biotalent - padlet les 2 - 1 - biogeograph areas

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2- Stress factors, mainly droughts, less rainy days 

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2- Stress factors, mainly droughts, less rainy days 

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Very interesting information on : https://klimaat.vmm.be/ for Flanders !

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biotalent - padlet les 2 - 2 - stress factors - drougts

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3- Alexander von Humboldt,
Father of phytogeography

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3- Alexander von Humboldt,
Father of phytogeography

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In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in south America, tree species are ‘on the run’, trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year!
My answer is nr 2. Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

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Step 3 - Indicators of climate change in Belgium

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Step 3 - Indicators of climate change in Belgium

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Analysis of the year 2018:
2018: exceptionally warm, very abnormally sunny, very abnormally dry and a year with an exceptionally low number of precipitation days.

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.
Probably the bvest way to go, but with other threats. Food versus biofuel is not easy as a choice 

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO2 emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.
Probably the bvest way to go, but with other threats. Food versus biofuel is not easy as a choice 

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Two alcoholic drinks consumed in your PlantArea together with their plant source material; the main tree species decorated during Christmas; two groups of food plants; two common spices together with their origin

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Theophrastus
Theophrastus took over as head of the Lyceum of Athens from Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He wrote two historical botanical works. The Enquiry into Plants (Historia Plantarum, originally ten books), and On the Causes of Plants (originally 8 books) which constitutes the most important contribution to botanical science during antiquity and the Middle Ages, was the first systemization of the botanical world. These works include valuable observations concerning the functions and properties of plants. Theophrastus detected the process of germination and realized the importance of climate and soil to plants. Much of the information on the Greek plants may have come from his own observations, also from his own botanical garden. Linnaeus called him the "father of botany". 

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Theophrastus
Theophrastus took over as head of the Lyceum of Athens from Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He wrote two historical botanical works. The Enquiry into Plants (Historia Plantarum, originally ten books), and On the Causes of Plants (originally 8 books) which constitutes the most important contribution to botanical science during antiquity and the Middle Ages, was the first systemization of the botanical world. These works include valuable observations concerning the functions and properties of plants. Theophrastus detected the process of germination and realized the importance of climate and soil to plants. Much of the information on the Greek plants may have come from his own observations, also from his own botanical garden. Linnaeus called him the "father of botany". 

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1. ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES.  In the list of Earth's Endangered Creatures (http://www.earthsendangered.com/plant_list.asp) we can find the worldwide endangered plants. For Belgium we don’t have a list; fort the Flemish region there is a list from 2006 with species of the vascular plants (Van Landuyt et al., 2006). We can find there the regional endangered species and their validation and UICN red list quote.

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2. Possible reasons for threats for these plant species:https://www.bgci.org/plant-conservation/threats/ 

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2. Possible reasons for threats for these plant species:https://www.bgci.org/plant-conservation/threats/ 

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| Natuurpunt is the largest NGO for nature association in Flanders and the objective is, among other goals, to protect nature, and that includes protection of plants. I am a volunteer in the smaller nature reserve Rothoek-Kwarekken at Westerlo-region. Nut first I take a good example of nature conservation management at De Liereman and in the Rothoek-Kwarekken at Westerlo, where I work as a volunteer in the work for the conservation.