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The enclosure system was a new agricultural method made by wealthy landowners to fence their farms. Before this method existed, the open field system was in action. However, it did not work anymore and the growth of crops was not fulfilling the demands of the market. With the enclosure system, more plants could grow and so did the farmer's profit.

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The crop rotation system consisted of dividing the land into parts, which were divided based on crops. It was done on a four-year rotation system that increased food supply and avoided depleting the soil. If the crops did not alternate parts, the soil would lack nutrients and the amount of food produced would decrease.

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The cotton gin is a machine created by Eli Whitney that accelerated the cotton production by pulling its fibers from the seed. Before the invention of the cotton gin, the work was largely done by hand. This invention made the cotton production easier, faster and made the American industry able to meet the British demand.

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The steam engine was a machine used to pump water out of mines. Later, it was improved to be a new source of power by using hot steam from boiling water to power large machines. The steam engine was improved and now it is significantly smaller, more effective and it is used in boats and trains.

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Steam Speeder Locomotive Railroad Engine Boiler Pump Whistle SOLD

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The steam engine was used as a source of power to a variety of transportation methods, such as railroads. In 1825, the first railroad opened using those steam-driven locomotives. In 1830, a railroad connecting Manchester and Liverpool opened, also using the steam-driven locomotives. The steam engine was important because it led to the creation of locomotives that linked cities, which helped the transportation of people, goods and finished products in a faster and cheaper way. This transportation contributed to the appearance of new jobs for workers and miners.

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How does the standardization of time related to the railroads?

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How does the standardization of time related to the railroads?

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In the 19th century, 3 ways of time measurements existed: natural time - measured by the sun movement -, local time - measured by astronomy and meridians - and railroad time, which was measured travelers knowing their local time at the starting point of the trip. In order to synchronize hours, British Railways switched the use of local time, the method that varied depending on the places, to Greenwich Mean Time - which depended on geographical aspects, such as the meridians. After, railroad timetables were created. Since railroads were crucial to commerce, Charles Dowd developed the first plan for time standardization, which joined railroad and local time, and the population began to use them. Therefore, railroads contributed to time standardization.

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How did industrialization contribute to city growth?
- Due to the rise of industries and factories in cities, new job opportunities emerged. Along with that, people began to move from rural areas to urban areas to live in the cities and pursue those jobs. The city of Manchester is a clear example of this growth. By 1760, it had 45,000 citizens. By 1850, it had 300,000 citizens.

What happened to the middle class during the industrialization?
- Before the industrial revolution took place, two major classes existed: nobles and peasants. During industrialization, the middles class arose. It was composed of professionals, business people, and entrepreneurs. As the revolution grew, so did this class. The upper middle class consisted of doctors, lawyers and company owners. The lower middle class consisted of skilled workers. Both divisions lived a comfortable life.

Define Urbanization.
Urbanization is the phenomenon that occurs due to the movement of people to cities, industrial districts and urban areas. During the industrial revolution, urbanization was at its peak due to the greater amount of jobs and working and living conditions in cities.

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The town of Manchester represents the impact of the Industrial Revolution. It became a huge and wealthy city and with the emerging middle class. Due to the fact that it also had a railroad connecting the city with Liverpool, Manchester grew and became a reference for textile production.
Unfortunately, the living and working conditions were not favorable, summing up to long journeys of work, 6 days a week, and contact with dirty and polluted industries.

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In the late 1800s, railroads helped the spread of companies around the world. As companies were growing, entrepreneurs wanted money, so, they sold portions of the company - which were called stocks - for anyone who was willing to buy. When someone had stock, it had ownership rights of the company. Stock owners shared profit - but not debt - and together owned business called corporations.

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The Standard Oil Company is a company of oil refinery founded by John Rockefeller in 1870. Due to Rockefeller's previous knowledge and experience on business, Standard Oil prospered. Within two years, the company had monopolized the oil refinery production in his area and began to buy its competitors. During the company's growth, it invested on new territories for the company, negociated deals with railroad lines and launched a transportation system for their own products.
In a short time, Standard had oil dominance and became the first monopoly corporation in the US.

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The businessmen John Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839, in Richford, NY. In 1870, founded the Standard Oil Company in Cleveland, Ohio. He was considered a meticulous person who was not afraid of taking risks.
Since he was young, he was engaged in small business and corporations. When he was 16, he had his first office job as an assistant bookkeeper. When he was 20, he worked in a meat, hay and oats company, which offered him a significant profit. In 1860, he began his business on the oil refinery and later launched the Standard Oil Company, which provided him tremendous recognition.

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During the Industrial Revolution, urbanization had a significant impact on the city of London. As the population grew, so did the pollution and the lack of hygiene. Thames River, the most meaningful water source in London, became a source of human and animal wastes. As a result, the city had a stinky odor and illnesses such as diphtheria, scrofula and cholera emerged. Due to the pollution, the government had to start reforms, by implementing a sewage treatment system and embankments on the river margins. This reform led the Thames river to be a clean water source and improved the hygiene and odor of the city.

The illustration below reflects the situation and the level of the river's pollution.

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In Road Dahl's novel, Charlie and more 4 children win a worldwide contest to visit Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. In this visit, they can observe a candy empire with chocolate rivers, gummy bear trees and sugar trees that no one has seen in 15 years.

This book is relevant because of two aspects: factories and machines replacing human work.
Charlie's father loses his job on a toothpaste production factory because machines were replacing the worker's jobs. During the industrialization, many machines and mechanical tools replaced human work due to its capacity of producing more goods in a faster and cheaper way.
Also, the enormous chocolate factory has mechanized tools, modern facilities and iron buildings that reflect the modernization of that period.

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Illustrated, History. “Cotton Gin Definition for Kids.” YouTube, YouTube, 2 Mar. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjuwpzXDL1U&t=16s.

“Industrial Revolution.” Home, ravenshumanitiesproject.weebly.com/industrial-revolution.html.

“Industrial Revolution.” The Development of Manchester, developmentofmanchester.weebly.com/industrial-revolution.html.

“Industrial Revolution Research.” Industrial Revolution - Classes of People, www.industrialrevolutionresearch.com/industrial_revolution_classes_of_people.php.

Izzo, Daniel. “How a Steam Engine Works.” YouTube, YouTube, 17 Sept. 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ESfSG2OlQYQ.

Mike@bitaboutbritain. “Britain's Industrial Revolution.” A Bit About Britain, 15 July 2018, bitaboutbritain.com/britains-industrial-revolution/.

“Standard Time.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 9 Mar. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_time.