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TOEFL Tuesday: Grammar - Subject Verb Inversions

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What is a passive ?

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The Passive: When, why, and how to use it

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explanation and examples

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English Lessons with Alex (engVid AlexESLvid)

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IELTS & TOEFL Academic Vocabulary - Adjectives

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http://www.engvid.com/ If you're preparing for the TOEFL or IELTS, vocabulary is incredibly important. In this lesson, I will give you 10 academic adjectives you may need on your test. Learning vocabulary can improve your score in ALL sections, because it is essential to every aspect of English.

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An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent—how often or how much (e.g., daily, completely)

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Definitions

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent-how often or how much (e.g., daily, completely).

Many adverbs end in -ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to its adjective form, place it there to form an adverb.

Adverbs that answer the question how sometimes cause grammatical problems. It can be a challenge to determine if -ly should be attached. Avoid the trap of -ly with linking verbs such as taste, smell, look, feel, which pertain to the senses. Adverbs are often misplaced in such sentences, which require adjectives instead.

Pat's roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No; in this case, smell is a linking verb-which requires an adjective to modify roses-so no -ly.

The painter looked angry/angrily to us.
Did the painter look with eyes, or are we describing the painter's appearance? We are describing appearance (the painter appeared angry), so no -ly.

The painter looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the painter actively looked (using eyes), so the -ly is added.

Avoid this common mistake:

Incorrect: Ingrid feels badly about the news.
Ingrid is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.

Correct: Ingrid feels bad about the news.

The word good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.

You did a good job.
Good describes the job.

You did the job well.
Well answers how.

You smell good today.
Good describes your fragrance, not how you smell with your nose, so using the adjective is correct.

You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with your nose here, so use the adverb.

The word well can be an adjective, too. When referring to health, we often use well rather than good.

Adjectives come in three forms, also called degrees. An adjective in its normal or usual form is called a positive degree adjective. There are also the comparative and superlative degrees, which are used for comparison, as in the following examples:

A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form of comparison. To compare two things, always use a comparative adjective:

The word cleverest is what is called the superlative form of clever. Use it only when comparing three or more things:

Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like best?

There are also three degrees of adverbs. In formal usage, do not drop the -ly from an adverb when using the comparative form.

Terry spoke quicker than Nguyen did.

Alfredo is the more efficent assembly worker in the unit.

When this, that, these, and those are followed by a noun, they are adjectives. When they appear without a noun following them, they are pronouns.

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Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns. Adverbs are words that modify everything but nouns and pronouns.