# data[].attributes.body
Machiavelli can be interpreted as the founder of modern political science

# data[].attributes.body
Unlike the noble princes portrayed in fairy tales, a successful ruler of a principality, as described in Machiavelli’s writings, is brutal, calculating and, when necessary, utterly immoral. “Since love and fear can hardly exist together, if we must choose between them, it is far safer to be feared than loved” https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/machiavelli

# data[].attributes.body
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period. He has often been called the father of modern political science.

# data[].attributes.body
Machiavelli described immoral behavior, such as dishonesty and the killing of innocents, as being normal and effective in politics. He even seemed to encourage it in some situations.

# data[].attributes.body
"Machiavelli was first employed in 1520 by the cardinal to resolve a case of bankruptcy in Lucca, where he took the occasion to write a sketch of its government and to compose his The Life of Castruccio Castracani of Lucca (1520; La vita di Castruccio Castracani da Lucca)."
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli

# data[].attributes.body
He chose politics over religious powers.

# data[].attributes.body
He was exiled from Florence for plotting against the Medici family.

# data[].attributes.headline
Italian politician, writer, and poet. Niccolo was secretary of the Florentine Republic. He is well known for his work, The Prince. It gave him recognition as an atheist.  (Britannica.com)

# data[].attributes.subject
Italian politician, writer, and poet. Niccolo was secretary of the Florentine Republic. He is well known for his work, The Prince. It gave him recognition as an atheist.  (Britannica.com)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Early life and political career

From the 13th century onward, Machiavelli's family was wealthy and prominent, holding on occasion Florence's most important offices. His father, Bernardo, a doctor of laws, was nevertheless among the family's poorest members. Barred from public office in Florence as an insolvent debtor, Bernardo lived frugally, administering his small landed property near the city and supplementing his meagre income from it with earnings from the restricted and almost clandestine exercise of his profession.

Bernardo kept a library in which Niccolò must have read, but little is known of Niccolò's education and early life in Florence, at that time a thriving centre of philosophy and a brilliant showcase of the arts. He attended lectures by Marcello Virgilio Adriani, who chaired the Studio Fiorentino. He learned Latin well and probably knew some Greek, and he seems to have acquired the typical humanist education that was expected of officials of the Florentine Chancery.

In a letter to a friend in 1498, Machiavelli writes of listening to the sermons of Girolamo Savonarola (1452-98), a Dominican friar who moved to Florence in 1482 and in the 1490s attracted a party of popular supporters with his thinly veiled accusations against the government, the clergy, and the pope. Although Savonarola, who effectively ruled Florence for several years after 1494, was featured in The Prince (1513) as an example of an "unarmed prophet" who must fail, Machiavelli was impressed with his learning and rhetorical skill. On May 24, 1498, Savonarola was hanged as a heretic and his body burned in the public square. Several days later, emerging from obscurity at the age of 29, Machiavelli became head of the second chancery ( cancelleria), a post that placed him in charge of the republic's foreign affairs in subject territories. How so young a man could be entrusted with so high an office remains a mystery, particularly because Machiavelli apparently never served an apprenticeship in the chancery. He held the post until 1512, having gained the confidence of Piero Soderini (1452-1522), the gonfalonier (chief magistrate) for life in Florence from 1502.

During his tenure at the second chancery, Machiavelli persuaded Soderini to reduce the city's reliance on mercenary forces by establishing a militia (1505), which Machiavelli subsequently organized. He also undertook diplomatic and military missions to the court of France; to Cesare Borgia (1475/76-1507), the son of Pope Alexander VI (reigned 1492-1503); to Pope Julius II (reigned 1503-13), Alexander's successor; to the court of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (reigned 1493-1519); and to Pisa (1509 and 1511).

In 1503, one year after his missions to Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli wrote a short work, Del modo di trattare i sudditi della Val di Chiana ribellati ( On the Way to Deal with the Rebel Subjects of the Valdichiana). Anticipating his later Discourses on Livy, a commentary on the ancient Roman historian, in this work he contrasts the errors of Florence with the wisdom of the Romans and declares that in dealing with rebellious peoples one must either benefit them or eliminate them. Machiavelli also was a witness to the bloody vengeance taken by Cesare on his mutinous captains at the town of Sinigaglia (December 31, 1502), of which he wrote a famous account. In much of his early writings, Machiavelli argues that "one should not offend a prince and later put faith in him."

In 1503 Machiavelli was sent to Rome for the duration of the conclave that elected Pope Julius II, an enemy of the Borgias, whose election Cesare had unwisely aided. Machiavelli watched Cesare's decline and, in a poem ( First Decennale), celebrated his imprisonment, a burden that "he deserved as a rebel against Christ." Altogether, Machiavelli embarked on more than 40 diplomatic missions during his 14 years at the chancery.

In 1512 the Florentine republic was overthrown and the gonfalonier deposed by a Spanish army that Julius II had enlisted into his Holy League. The Medici family returned to rule Florence, and Machiavelli, suspected of conspiracy, was imprisoned, tortured, and sent into exile in 1513 to his father's small property in San Casciano, just south of Florence. There he wrote his two major works, The Prince and Discourses on Livy, both of which were published after his death. He dedicated The Prince to Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (1492-1519), ruler of Florence from 1513 and grandson of Lorenzo de' Medici (1449-92). When, on Lorenzo's death, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici (1478-1534) came to govern Florence, Machiavelli was presented to the cardinal by Lorenzo Strozzi (1488-1538), scion of one of Florence's wealthiest families, to whom he dedicated the dialogue The Art of War (1521; Dell'arte della guerra).

Machiavelli was first employed in 1520 by the cardinal to resolve a case of bankruptcy in Lucca, where he took the occasion to write a sketch of its government and to compose his The Life of Castruccio Castracani of Lucca (1520; La vita di Castruccio Castracani da Lucca). Later that year the cardinal agreed to have Machiavelli elected official historian of the republic, a post to which he was appointed in November 1520 with a salary of 57 gold florins a year, later increased to 100. In the meantime, he was commissioned by the Medici pope Leo X (reigned 1513-21) to write a discourse on the organization of the government of Florence. Machiavelli criticized both the Medici regime and the succeeding republic he had served and boldly advised the pope to restore the republic, replacing the unstable mixture of republic and principality then prevailing. Shortly thereafter, in May 1521, he was sent for two weeks to the Franciscan chapter at Carpi, where he improved his ability to "reason about silence." Machiavelli faced a dilemma about how to tell the truth about the rise of the Medici in Florence without offending his Medici patron.

After the death of Pope Leo X in 1521, Cardinal Giulio, Florence's sole master, was inclined to reform the city's government and sought out the advice of Machiavelli, who replied with the proposal he had made to Leo X. In 1523, following the death of Pope Adrian VI, the cardinal became Pope Clement VII, and Machiavelli worked with renewed enthusiasm on an official history of Florence. In June 1525 he presented his Florentine Histories ( Istorie Fiorentine) to the pope, receiving in return a gift of 120 ducats. In April 1526 Machiavelli was made chancellor of the Procuratori delle Mura to superintend Florence's fortifications. At this time the pope had formed a Holy League at Cognac against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (reigned 1519-56), and Machiavelli went with the army to join his friend Francesco Guicciardini (1482-1540), the pope's lieutenant, with whom he remained until the sack of Rome by the emperor's forces brought the war to an end in May 1527. Now that Florence had cast off the Medici, Machiavelli hoped to be restored to his old post at the chancery. But the few favours that the Medici had doled out to him caused the supporters of the free republic to look upon him with suspicion. Denied the post, he fell ill and died within a month.

Writings

In office Machiavelli wrote a number of short political discourses and poems (the Decennali) on Florentine history. It was while he was out of office and in exile, however, that the "Florentine Secretary," as Machiavelli came to be called, wrote the works of political philosophy for which he is remembered. In his most noted letter (December 10, 1513), he described one of his days-in the morning walking in the woods, in the afternoon drinking and gambling with friends at the inn, and in the evening reading and reflecting in his study, where, he says, "I feed on the food that alone is mine and that I was born for." In the same letter, Machiavelli remarks that he has just composed a little work on princes-a "whimsy"-and thus lightly introduces arguably the most famous book on politics ever written, the work that was to give the name Machiavellian to the teaching of worldly success through scheming deceit.

About the same time that Machiavelli wrote The Prince (1513), he was also writing a very different book, Discourses on Livy (or, more precisely, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livy [ Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio]). Both books were first published only after Machiavelli's death, the Discourses on Livy in 1531 and The Prince in 1532. They are distinguished from his other works by the fact that in the dedicatory letter to each he says that it contains everything he knows. The dedication of the Discourses on Livy presents the work to two of Machiavelli's friends, who he says are not princes but deserve to be, and criticizes the sort of begging letter he appears to have written in dedicating The Prince. The two works differ also in substance and manner. Whereas The Prince is mostly concerned with princes-particularly new princes-and is short, easy to read, and, according to many, dangerously wicked, the Discourses on Livy is a "reasoning" that is long, difficult, and full of advice on how to preserve republics. Every thoughtful treatment of Machiavelli has had to come to terms with the differences between his two most important works.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Niccolo Machiavelli | Beliefs, Books, The Prince, Philosophy, Accomplishments, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Niccolo Machiavelli, Italian Renaissance political philosopher, statesman, and secretary of the Florentine republic. His most famous work is The Prince (Il Principe), which brought him a reputation as an atheist and an immoral cynic. Read here to learn more about Niccolo Machiavelli.

# data[].attributes.body
he was a political philosopher in Florence, Italy during the 1400-1500s.

# data[].attributes.body
Machiavelli is known as the father of modern political science.

# data[].attributes.body
"Most of Machiavelli’s diplomatic and philosophical career was bookended by two important political events: the French invasion of Italy in 1494 by Charles VIII; and the sack of Rome in 1527 by the army of Emperor Charles V."
https://www.iep.utm.edu/machiave/

# data[].attributes.body
He wrote The Prince to regain his lost status after he lost his job and was put in jail for a while.
http://mentalfloss.com/article/560338/niccolo-machiavelli-facts

# data[].attributes.body
He believed it is better to be greatly feared than deeply loved.

https://www.ae.com/women-ae-ahhmazingly-soft-crew-neck-sweatshirt-gray/web/s-prod/1457_9277_020?cm=sUS-cUSD&catId=cat8710040

# data[].attributes.body
Niccolo Machiavelli was the first great political philosopher of the Renaissance. He also was a diplomat for 14 years.

# data[].attributes.body
Machiavelli believed it was better to be widely feared than to be greatly loved.

# data[].attributes.headline
He was accused of participating in an anti-Medici conspiracy and was imprisoned and tortured. After he was released he tried hard to earn back his respect from Medici. Machiavelli was later offered a position as a historiographer at at the University of Florence by Medici himself. 

# data[].attributes.subject
He was accused of participating in an anti-Medici conspiracy and was imprisoned and tortured. After he was released he tried hard to earn back his respect from Medici. Machiavelli was later offered a position as a historiographer at at the University of Florence by Medici himself. 

# data[].attributes.body
Shakespeare referred to villains as "Machiavels."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The director of the Miller Funeral Home was a man named Paul Groody. He told the grave diggers that the piles of dirt they were moving were in service of a deceased man named William Bobo. Bobo, an old cowboy in the Fort Worth area, occupied one of the tables inside the funeral parlor, old age and sun-drenched living having caught up to him at the age of 75.

That's right, Paul Groody told them. That hole is for Bobo.

When Groody called and arranged for flowers, he told the florist to put "Bobo" on the tag.

When Groody picked out a brown suit for the service, the reporters who were milling around the funeral home asked him who it was for. "Mr. Bobo," Groody told them.

Groody was lying. The suit wasn't for Bobo. Neither were the flowers, nor the grave, nor the eight policemen and two guard dogs stationed at the property, some of whom had accompanied Groody when he visited Parkland Memorial Hospital on November 24 to claim the most infamous corpse in the country.

All of these arrangements were in the service of burying Lee Harvey Oswald, the man accused of assassinating John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, who was himself murdered on November 24, and would be laid to rest on November 25. It would be a most unusual send-off.

Perched at the window of the Texas School Book Depository, alleged communist Oswald reportedly took aim at a motorcade traveling through Dallas, fired three shots, and pierced the skull of Kennedy. He was captured, jailed, then shot by nightclub owner Jack Ruby while in transit to another facility. At Parkland Memorial Hospital-the same site where Kennedy was rushed in an attempt to save his life-Oswald was pronounced dead 105 minutes after being shot.

Never had a dead body been such a source of consternation and concern among the Secret Service, the FBI, and local officials. Oswald had obviously been a target while he was still breathing; dead, the authorities were concerned that he might attract people looking to desecrate his corpse.

Quietly, law enforcement phoned Groody, who operated a funeral home in Fort Worth. He collected Oswald's body in the middle of the night on November 24 and made plans for a service the following day, when Oswald's mother, widow, brother, and two children would be able to attend. But there were some problems.

Problem one was the issue of finding someone to lead the service. No one, not even clergy members, could seem to put aside their anger long enough to say even a few parting words about a man who sent the country into mourning. Two Lutheran ministers agreed, then backed out when Groody told them the service would be held outdoors. (Both feared sniper fire would disrupt the proceedings.)

When Oswald's family showed up for the 4 p.m. service, Groody encountered another issue. Aside from law enforcement, no one other than Oswald's widow and mother had showed up for the funeral-there were no friends and no other family members to serve as pallbearers. So Groody turned to the one thing he did have in plentiful supply: members of the press. Acting on a tip, dozens of reporters had gathered on the grounds to photograph and witness the burial of Kennedy's assassin.

Groody approached Preston McGraw, a local reporter with whom he had some previous dealings. McGraw agreed to help carry the casket. Michael Cochran, the Associated Press's Fort Worth correspondent, saw McGraw assisting and felt compelled to join him (after initially refusing to help). Another reporter, Jack Moseley, hung on to the casket's handle for a few steps before walking away; he couldn't stand carrying Oswald, even if it was to his grave.

Eventually, at least seven reporters labored to move him. Then, with Oswald in the ground, the Reverend Louis Saunders-executive secretary of the local Council of Churches and the only man willing to lend the service a religious overture-uttered some spare words.

"Mrs. Oswald tells me that her son, Lee Harvey, was a good boy and that she loved him," he said. "And today, Lord, we commit his spirit to your Divine care."

That was all. Oswald's casket was opened one last time so that the family could pay their last respects. It was then lowered into the grave.

It wouldn't remain there.

The morbid fascination with Oswald so feared by authorities turned out to be warranted. On the fourth anniversary of Kennedy's murder, in 1967, thieves stole Oswald's modest headstone in Rose Hill Cemetery. When it was recovered, Oswald's mother, Marguerite, replaced it with a simple plaque and kept the original in her home.

When Marguerite died in 1981, she was buried in the plot next to her son. That same year, Oswald's body was exhumed in order to satisfy conspiracy theories regarding whether he really occupied the grave or whether a body double had been used instead. After the curious parties were satisfied, Oswald was buried once more.

Because his pine bluff casket had been damaged by water, the Miller Funeral Home-now known as the Baumgardner Funeral Home-told Oswald's brother, Robert, that they'd be putting him in a new coffin. Robert agreed, assuming the old one would be destroyed.

It wasn't. Unbeknownst to Robert, the funeral home put the casket up for auction in 2010. In 2015, a judge ruled that the business owed Robert $87,468 in damages and needed to return the casket to the family.

No one ever appeared eager to let Lee Harvey Oswald rest in peace, save for the journalists who put him there. When Cochran stood deliberating whether to assist Groody in 1963, a reporter named Jerry Flemmons turned to him and said, "Cochran, if we're gonna write a story about the burial of Lee Harvey Oswald, we're gonna have to bury the son of a bitch ourselves."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The director of the Miller Funeral Home was a man named Paul Groody. He told the grave diggers that the piles of dirt they were moving were in service of a deceased man named William Bobo.

# data[].attributes.body
Machiavelli died at the age of 58 🤔

# data[].attributes.body
¨sneaky, cunning, and lacking a moral code¨ (https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/Machiavellian)