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Audiolingual Method: tape-recorded dialogues are presented for students to memorize, followed by pattern drills for practicing verb forms and sentence structures

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Stimulus, response, and reinforcement were hypothesized to be basic elements of children learning their first language.

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Behaviorist theory was thought to be inadequate to explain observations of child language development.

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"... to learn the word ball, the child would first associate the word ball with the familiar spherical object, the stimulus. Next the child would produce the word by imitation, at which time an adult would praise the child for saying ball, thereby reinforcing the child's correct verbal response." (pg. 61)

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Language acquisition can only be accounted for by an innate and biological language acquisition device (LAD) or system.

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Infants possess an innate "grammar template," or universal grammar that allow them to select many grammatical rules of the language that they hear spoken around them.

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Children construct grammar through a process of hypothesis testing and create sentences using rules rather than merely repeating messages they have heard.

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"... a child may hypothesize the rule that all plural nouns end with an -s. Therefore, when they come to a word such as child, they form the plural as childs, or when they come to the word man, they say mans for the plural." (pg. 61)

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"According to the interactionist position, caregivers play a critical role in adjusting language to facilitate the use of innate capacities for language acquisition." (pg. 62)

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Both nature and nurture in the language acquisition process are important.

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People who study this theory focus on the language mothers and other caregivers use when caring for infants and young children, with attention to changes they make during social interactions to assist their child in communication.

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"Child: Birthday cake Megan house.
Mom: We had birthday cake at Megan's house. What else did we do at Megan's house?
Child: Megan dolly.
Mom: Megan got a doll for her birthday, didn't she?"

The mother in the example repeats her child's meaning using an expanded form, verifying her understanding of the child's words while also modeling adult usage.

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The process for second or foreign language learning includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of grammatical structures.

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In Second Language Behaviorist Perspective, errors need to be corrected immediately to avoid forming bad habits that would later be difficult to overcome.

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Creative Construction Theory is a theory which was created to put forward the account for second language development.

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Majority of learner errors from first language Chinese or Spanish speakers were similar to the errors made by native English-speaking young ones as they acquired their mother tongue.

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Contrastive Analysis is a procedure comparing phonological, morphological, and syntactic rules of two languages to predict the area of difficulties in second language development.

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Numerous English language learner errors are best described alike to errors that are made by children acquiring English as a first language.

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1. The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis
2. The Monitor Hypothesis
3. The Natural Order Hypothesis
4. The Input Hypothesis
5. The Affective Filter Hypothesis

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Krashen defines acquisition as a natural process which occurs when the target language is used in meaningful interactions with native speakers. Language learning is referred to the formal and conscious study of language forms and functions explicitly taught in foreign language classrooms.

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Krashen believes that the formal study of language leads to the development of internal grammar editor or monitor. The three conditions that are necessary for a student to us the monitor is to have sufficient time, focus on grammatical form, and explicit knowledge of the rules. Knowing these rules helps learners polish their language.

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The Natural Order Hypothesis is for language learners to acquire the rules of a language in a predictable sequence. A number of studies support the existence of a natural order of acquisition of English grammatical features by a child and adult that are non-native English learners.

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The Input Hypothesis is where the second language acquisition is the direct result of the learners understanding of the target language in natural communication situations. Krashen underlies three constraints:
1. it must be understandable, thus the term comprehensible input
2. it must contain grammatical structures that are just a bit beyond the acquirer's current linguistic knowledge
3. it must be part of naturally flowing language used for authentic, purposeful communication

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The Affective Filter Hypothesis concludes that the most important variable favoring second language acquisition is a low-anxiety learning environment, student motivation to learn the language, self-confidence, and self-esteem.

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Interactionists view the communicative give-and-take of natural conversations between native and non-native speakers as a crucial element of the language acquisition process.

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The trial-and-error process of give-and-take in communication is referred as the negotiation of meaning which means that non-native speakers are able to exert control over the communication process during conversations.

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Speech that is produced by English language learners is an important variable in the entirety of the language acquisition process.