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Bryana Arroyo 321-01
Lissa López 321-21
Vielka Menendez  321-28
Nolwen Salgado 321-36

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Translation (as distinct from oral interpreting) must have started soon after the development of writing, the expression of language with letters or other marks. The earliest records of writing date back to Egyptian glyphs.

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In the form of clay tablets with bilingual vocabularies in Sumerian and  Eblaite. Some of the tablets recorded financial data, while another group contained ritual and literary texts.

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Seventy two Jewish scholars translated the Pentateuch (Five Books of Moses or Torah) in the third century BC.
Legend has it that six Jewish scholars from each of the twelve tribes of Israel were commissioned by Ptolemy II, the Greek King of Egypt (285-247 BCE) to translate the Pentateuch
in Alexandria.

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Perhaps the best known example of these multilingual inscriptions is the Rosetta Stone, which bears a decree issued in 196 BC in three scripts: Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic (Egyptian) script and Ancient Greek. The text of the decree is essentially the same in all three scripts.

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Septuagint: It is a translation of the Hebrew bible into Greek, and is often referred to as the Greek Old Testament.

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Bishop  Ulfila  (ca. 311-382) translated
the Bible from Greek into Gothic. Since Gothic was spoken but not written at that time, he had to develop an alphabet for the purpose.

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Saint Jerome (347-420) translated portions of the Septuagint from Greek into Latin, and the whole of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) from Hebrew into Latin. paw. He is now regarded as the patron saint of translators.

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Saint  Mesrop Mashtots (c. 361-440) also needed to invent his own alphabet in order to translate the Bible into Armenian. He and his colleagues then translated from Greek and Syriac sources; Mesrop Mashtots translated the New Testament and the book of Proverbs himself.  The creation of the Armenian alphabet was also an essential step in the development of Armenian literature.

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From about the middle of the eighth century to the end of the tenth, Baghdad was the center of a massive translation project. Baghdad was founded in 762 by Caliph Al-Mansur, who continued a Persian tradition of translation of secular texts (especially on medicine, philosophy and astronomy) in his palace library, the ‘House of Wisdom’.

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King Alfred was born he translated texts he considered important from Latin to Old English, such as,Gregory the Great’s Pastoral Care, Boethius’s Consolation
of Philosophy, St. Augustine’s Soliloquies, and the first fifty psalms of the Psalter.

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Many translators were
involved and well rewarded; the best known is  Hunayn ibn Ishâq  (809-875), who, as a practicing physician and the author of treatises on the eyes and teeth, was well qualified to translate medical texts. These translations ultimately contributed to the transmission of scientific and philosophical knowledge to Europe in the Middle Ages.

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Translation of The Wessex Gospels, and the first Six Books of The Old Testament under the guidance of Abbott Ælfric of Eynsham

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During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, several scholars and translators were attracted to Spain from all over Europe to study the collections of Arabic manuscripts held in libraries
such as those in Toledo and Cordoba, where they translated many of these manuscripts into Castilian and Latin.

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Geoffrey Chaucer was born he spoke Italian, French, and knew Latin. Some of his work include the translation of ´Le Roman de La Rose´from French into English. ´Canterbury Tales´. And translated works of Virgil and Ovid from Latin, as well as Boccaccio from Italian.

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William Caxton was born he printed and translated the very first book in English which is ´The History of Troy´. He translated about 25 books in his life.

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William Caxton started translating ´The History of Troy´ from French to English.

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Martin Luther translated the Bible into German, to expand the sacred writings to other countries.

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Machine Translation was born.

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There are about 6,800 languages spoken around the world, which makes translation very important because this way we may spread important information with others and keep them updated with news.

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The interpreters and ancient civilizations. 

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The interpreters and ancient civilizations. 

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Although simultaneous interpretation has its origins in the Nuremberg trials, other types of interpretation, such as consecutive and whispered or chuchotage, have had a
great relevance in different periods of history, starting with ancient times.

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Ancient Egypt: the Superior Interpreter. 1350 b.c

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Ancient Egypt: the Superior Interpreter. 1350 b.c

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We can find evidence of the existence of these professionals
in a famous image from Tutankhamun's tomb, in which a character appears unfolded whispering on one side to an Assyrian ambassador and on the other to the pharaoh, shows that the interpreter already in those days played an important role as mediator linguistic.

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Greece and Rome: different perspectives on interpretation. 1200 b.c

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Greece and Rome: different perspectives on interpretation. 1200 b.c

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We can find trace of this profession in ancient Greek and civilizations Roman, although the reputation enjoyed by our ancient companions was very different. While in the Roman Empire they were key figures in the communication between the Empire, the colonies and the conquered territories, in Greece Hellenic did not enjoy any prestige, since although they guaranteed contact with the subject peoples, the Greeks considered themselves far superior to the barbarian peoples and they expected them to learn their language.

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One of the roles of these performers will develop and evolve
during the Middle Ages to give rise to what we know as trujamán or dragoman. These interpreters had special characteristics, and their role in the Middle Ages was related more to the economic and commercial sphere than to the diplomatic one.

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The hegemony of Latin will prevail until the 18th century and the Peace of Westphalia, at which time which French will become the official language of diplomacy until the end of the First World War. Already in the 19th century, the United States began to reveal itself as a great power economic, and English will be gaining ground. As a consequence, the importance of interpreters will be increased in the political and economic spheres, and for the first time they will no longer be anonymous.

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La Malinche begins interpreting for Hernán Cortés during the Spanish conquest of Mexico. She learned some native languages after being sold into slavery.

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Is this moment in the one that arises an urgent need to have people who could serve as a link between military units that spoke different languages. The interpreters will then appear
of war, whose role will be crucial in the course of the war.

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The Nuremberg Trials and simultaneous interpretation. 1946

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The Nuremberg Trials and simultaneous interpretation. 1946

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After the end of World War II, the Allied nations undertook a series of judicial processes in order to determine and sanction the responsibilities of leaders, officials and collaborators of Hitler's National Socialist regime. In this
process, known as the Nuremberg Trials, the four countries participated.The victors and the loser: the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and France by a side, and Germany on the other. It is not surprising that, in the face of such linguistic diversity, it was doubts the effectiveness of consecutive interpretation, which also augured a temporary duration infinite.

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What are The Types of Professional Interpretation Services?

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As more and more companies are willing to expand their reach to a global market, the demand for interpreting services is increasing. Businesses from various industries such as healthcare, education, and the legal sector, use interpretation services to ensure that their clients and employees can communicate effectively no matter where they are located.