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The solubility curve - can be useful in comparing the solubilities of different salts and for predicting the yields produced on crystallisation.

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The concentration of an unknown acid solution can be found if it is reacted with a standard solution of an alkali.

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Number of moles in solution = molar concentration : volume of solution (in dm³)

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Concentration = amount of solute : volume of solution

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One mole of a gas occupies a volume of approximately 24 dm³ (24 litres) at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

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Equal volumes of gases are found to contain the same number of particles

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Sometimes, a reactant may be contaminated by other products or unreacted material. The crude product may prove to contain less than 100% of the required substance.

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A reaction may not always yield the total amount of product predicted by the equation. Reality often produces less.

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Percentage yield and percentage purity of product

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Percentage yield and percentage purity of product

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Moles = Mass : Molar mass

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The mass of the product is equal to the total mass of the reactants.

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The standard unit of the amount of a substance is taken as the relative formula mass of the substance in grams.This unit is called one mole of the substance.

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The total mass of a molecule or a group of ions.

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Atoms of the same element that have different masses because they have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.

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Average mass of an atom of the element, taking into account the different natural isotopes of that element .

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CH₃COOH + CH₃OH --> CH₃COOCH₃ + H₂O

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CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1

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CH₃COOH ↔ CH₃COO- + H⁺

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C₂H₅OH + 2[O] – KmnO₄ (catalyst) in acidic solution --> CH₃COOH + H₂O

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2CH₃COOH+Na₂CO₃ --> 2CH₃COONa+H₂O+CO₂

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CH₃COOH + KOH --> CH₃COOK + H₂O

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2CH₃COOH + Mg --> (CH₃COO)₂Mg + H₂

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CnH2n+1COOH

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C₂H₄ + H₂O --300o C, 70 atm, phosphoric acid (catalyst)--> C₂H₅OH

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C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) –- yeast (25 - 30o C) --> 2C₂H₅OH (l) + 2CO₂(g)

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C₂H₅OH + 2[O] – KmnO₄ (catalyst) in acidic solution --> CH₃COOH + H₂O

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C₂H₅OH + 3O2 --> 2CO₂ + 3H₂O

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CnH2n+1OH

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In this reaction, the product is alcohol.
C₂H₄ + H₂O --300o C, 70 atm, phosphoric acid (catalyst)--> C₂H₅OH

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In this reaction, alkene decolourizes halogens.
C₂H₄ + Br₂ --> C₂H₄Br₂

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Complete Combustion
C₂H₄ + 3O₂ --> 2CO₂ + 2H₂O
Incomplete Combustion
C₂H₄ + 2O₂ --> 2CO + 2H₂O

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CnH2n

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A hydrogen aom is replaced by another atom (Halogens)
*UV light
CH₄ + Cl₂ --> CH₃Cl + HCl

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Complete Combustion
CH₄ + 2O₂ --> CO₂ + 2H₂O
Incomplete Combustion
2CH₄ + 3O₂ --> 2CO + 4H₂O

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Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

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CnH2n+2

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3. Find the number of the functional group

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3. Find the number of the functional group

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the lowest number

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Determined by the number of C

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Determined by its functional group

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Organic compounds which only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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a family of organic compounds with the same functional group.

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O
//
R - C - O - R

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O
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R - C - O - H

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C - O - H

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C = C

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C - C

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an atom or a group of atoms which gives an organic compound its particular chemical properties.

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A section of chemistry that involves using relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data.

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The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.