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In 1838, 16,000 Native Americans were marched over 1,200 miles of rugged land. Over 4,000 of these Indians died of disease, famine, and warfare. The Indian tribe was called the Cherokee and we call this event the Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears has become the symbol in American history that signifies the callousness of American policy makers toward American Indians. Indian lands were held hostage by the states and the federal government, and Indians had to agree to removal to preserve their identity as tribes.

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Declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, free-
dom, and land from Great Britain. Together, these proclamations led some 30,000 African Americans to take refuge behind British lines. George Washington initially barred blacks from the Continental army, but he relented in 1777. By war’s end, African Americans could enlist in every state but South Carolina and Georgia, and some 5,000—slave and free—fought for the Patriot cause. Purpose. To encourage slaves to run away and enlist in the British Armed Forces. The Philipsburg Proclamation is a historical document issued by British Army General Sir Henry Clinton on June 30, 1779 intended to encourage slaves to run away and enlist in the Royal Forces.

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A proslavery force, seven
hundred strong, looted and burned the free-soil town of Lawrence. The attack enraged John Brown, a fifty-six-year-old abolitionist from New York and Ohio, who commanded a free-state militia. Brown was a
complex man with a record of failed businesses, but he had an intellectual and moral intensity that won the trust of influential people. Because being free of slavery would also mean having a very small, insignificant black population. Kansas is an important staging ground for what some people argue is the first battles of the Civil War, because it is this battlefield on which the forces of anti-slavery and the forces of slavery meet.

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This set forth a states’ rights interpretation of the Constitution, asserting that the states had a “right to judge” the legitimacy of national laws. The resolutions argued that the federal government had no authority to exercise power not specifically delegated to it in the Constitution. ... The Kentucky Resolutions, authored by Jefferson, went further than Madison's Virginia Resolution and asserted that states had the power to nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

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Naturalization Act, Sedition act, Alien Act

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Naturalization Act, Sedition act, Alien Act

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The Naturalization Act lengthened the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years, the Alien Act authorized the deportation of foreigners, and the Sedition Act prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president members of Congress. These acts where important because the four laws, known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts. These laws raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, authorized the President to deport aliens and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime.

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Like other reform movements, the abolitionist crusade
of the 1830s drew on the religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening. Around 1800, antislavery activists had assailed human bondage as contrary to republicanism and liberty. This was significant as it was a form that people could speak out about wrong doings and their beliefs during the time period.

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white Americans were no longer attached to each other by any tie of caste, class, association, or family, the French aristocrat lamented, and so lived in social isolation. Individualism is the freedom to do what we want as independent people. People are constantly bombarded into doing things that people in authority want them to do. It's important because if everyone was able to pursue their own goals, then we would have a stronger society as a whole.

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emerged from religious ferment among families of Puritan descent who lived along the Erie Canal and who were heirs to a religious tradition that believed in a world of wonders, supernatural powers, and visions of the divine. This was very significant because it showed a lot more individualism and as these new religions raised people could choose their own path.

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Madison challenged the view that republican governments only worked in small polities, arguing that a large state would better protect republican liberty. It was “sown in the nature of man,” Madison wrote, for individuals to seek power and form factions. Indeed, “a landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest, with many lesser interests, grow up of necessity in civilized nations.” A free society should welcome all factions but keep anyone of them from becoming dominant something best achieved in a large republic. This is significant because No. 10 addresses the question of how to reconcile citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or inimical to the interests of the community as a whole.

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gave the Confederation the power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states. But it preserved the states’ control of their own laws and guaranteed their equality: as in the Confederation Congress, each state would have one vote in a unicam-
eral legislature. The Significance of the New Jersey Plan was: The New Jersey plan favored giving control of the federal government to the states, not the people through their representatives. The New Jersey Plan called for equal representation in which each state had the same number of representatives.

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a scheme for a powerful national government devised by James Madison. Just thirty-six years old, Madison was determined to fashion national political institutions run by men of high character. The document is important for its role in setting the stage for the convention and, in particular, for creating the idea of representation according to population.

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This private bank, founded in 1865, had worked closely with the Freedmen’s Bureau and Union army across the South. Former slaves associated it with the party of
Lincoln, and thousands responded to northerners’ call for thrift and savings by bringing their small deposits to the nearest branch. African American farmers, entrepreneurs, churches, and charitable groups opened accounts at the bank. But in the early 1870s, the bank’s directors sank their money into risky loans and speculative investments. It was important because It was created by the United States Congress along with the Freedmen's Bureau to aid the freedmen in their transition from slavery to freedom.

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This act was important because the Civil Rights Act affirmed the equality of all men before the law and prohibited racial discrimination in public places and facilities such as restaurants and public transportation. The law required “full and equal” access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race.

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A group led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony struck out in a new direction. They saw that, once the Reconstruction Amendments had passed, women’s suffrage was unlikely in the near future. Stanton declared that woman “must not put her trust in man.” The new organization she headed, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), focused exclusively on women’s rights and took up the battle for a federal suffrage amendment. The woman's suffrage movement is important because it resulted in passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which finally allowed women the right to vote.

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Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment was a bittersweet victory for one group of Union loyalists: women. Some formerly enslaved women believed they would win voting rights along with their men, until northern allies corrected that impression. The Fifteenth Amendment would guarantee protection against racial discrimination in voting. It was majorly significant in the U.S because it was granting slaves the first rights

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The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, the First Nations wars in Canada and the Indian Wars is the collective name for the various armed conflicts that were fought by European governments and colonists. These wars were significant because The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, including cultural clashes, land disputes, and criminal acts committed. The European powers and their colonies also enlisted Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other's colonial settlements.

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The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi. The purchase doubled the size of the United States, greatly strengthened the country materially and strategically, provided a powerful impetus to westward expansion, and confirmed the doctrine of implied powers of the federal Constitution.

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The Missouri Compromise was United States federal legislation that admitted Missouri as a slave state, in exchange for legislation which prohibited slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel except for Missouri. It marked the beginning of the prolonged sectional conflict over the extension of slavery that led to the American Civil War.

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justified independence and republicanism to Americans and the world by vilifying George III: “He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.” Such a prince was a “tyrant,” Jefferson concluded, and “is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.” The significance of the Declaration is the Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence. By declaring themselves an independent nation, the American colonists were able to confirm an official alliance with the Government of France and obtain French assistance in the war against Great Britain.

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The congress protested the loss of American “rights and liberties,” especially the right to trial by jury. And it challenged the constitutionality of both the Stamp and Sugar Acts by declaring that only the colonists’ elected representatives could tax them. This was another significant event due to the fact that the British Parliament passed the Stamp to help replenish their finances after the costly Seven Years' War with France. Part of the revenue from the Stamp Act would be used to maintain several regiments of British soldiers in North America to maintain peace between Native Americans and the colonists.

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Was used to replace the widely ignored Molasses Act of 1733. The earlier act had set a tax rate of 6 pence per gallon on French molasses a rate so high that it made the trade unprofitable. Rather than pay it, colonial merchants bribed customs officials at the going rate of 1.5 pence per gallon. Sugar Act, was the first tax on the American colonies imposed by the British Parliament. Its purpose was to raise revenue through the colonial customs service and to give customs agents more power and latitude with respect to executing seizures and enforcing customs law.

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the ownership of human beings as property. The institution of slavery —
which would profoundly affect African Americans and shape much of American history. The Economic importance of the Chattel Slavery to the Southern U.S. was very vital because it was free work, they helped harvest the crops to sell, and the sale of the slave them self was good money.

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The free-soilers quickly organized the Free-Soil Party in 1848. The new party abandoned the Garri-sonians’ and Liberty Party’s emphasis on the sinfulness of slavery and the natural rights of African Americans. Instead, like Beckwith, it depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a free-holder society, arguments that won broad support among aspiring white farmers. Hundreds of men and women in the Great Lakes states joined the free-soil organizations formed by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. This was a significant part in the abolition of slavery, without these movements of anti slavery, it could be possible that slavery might still exist today.

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the foremost black abolitionist, who attended the first Free-Soil Party convention in the summer of 1848 and endorsed its strategy. He was very significant in the abolition of slavery he became a leader in the abolitionist movement, which sought to end the practice of slavery, before and during the Civil War and he wrote and spoke about abolosishion. He was a major part politically for the United states during this time period

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A society in which the institution of slavery affected all aspects of life. This was a significant even in history because debates of slavery were based on the Idea of these slave societies where slaves are at the bottom of the chain in society and being controlled by their masters.

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(Connecticut absorbed New Haven in 1662, while Massachusetts Bay became a royal colony and absorbed Plymouth in 1692.) In the Chesa-peake, Virginia was controlled by the crown while Maryland was in the hands of a Lord Proprietor. Like Lord Baltimore’s Maryland, the new settlements in Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania—the Restoration Colonies. These were important from a political standpoint because they were grants of land in the form of a charter, or a license to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle areas rapidly with British subjects which allowed Britain to develop land and colonies in the America faster

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distributed American land, his ministers
devised policies to keep colonial trade in English hands. Since the 1560s, the English crown had pursued mercantilist policies, using government subsidies and charters to stimulate English manufacturing and for-eign trade. This had been significant because Charles II added more possessions to England's North American holdings by establishing the restoration colonies of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from the Dutch) as well as Pennsylvania and the Carolinas.

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corporation—a commercial agreement that allows investors to pool their resources—into a representative political system with a governor, council, and assembly. This is a significant part of history because they allowed England to become a major player in colonization of the New World. Without joint stock companies, the British may not have been able (or willing) to afford to create the thirteen colonies. Joint stock companies were also used for trade which was a major economical and political factor in the new America.

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Contracts bound the men and some women to work for a master for four or five years, after which they would be free to marry and work for themselves. This was significant because it was a major labor source that helped produce cotton, tobacco and the major exports for the US.

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The movement of diseases and peoples across the Atlantic was part of a larger pattern of biological trans-formation that historians call the Columbian Exchange. This event was a huge part in the role of economics in the Americas, it led to mass destruction

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Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations.

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Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states.

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The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories.

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Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.

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In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.

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After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence

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The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.

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Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

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Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.

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Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.