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1) Proofread. Key concepts 1.1, 2.3, begins with lowercase letters for each development. C'mon ladies, you should know by now to start with a capital letter when writing for formal academic writing.

2) Picture for KC 2.1 is missing. Picture for KC 3.1 is a strange selection. The patterns shown on this world map would not have come into being until APWH period 4 (global maritime empires). This picture would have been far better for KC 4.1, and the picture selected for KC 4.1 would have been better for KC3.1.

But...overall, your team worked together well to produce a very comprehensive presentation of the key concepts. Good work.

4.5 (A)

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Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and Their

Consequences

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Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and Their

Consequences

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10 major developments in human history

-Older Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to things like economic hardship, technological

stagnation, political and social

discontent, military defeat,

-  Some colonies negotiated for their independence for example India from the British Empire and the Gold Coast from the British Empire.Although some struggled for independence like the Algeria and Vietnam from the French empire, Angola from the Portuguese empire.

-Nationalist leaders like Mohandas Gandhi, Ho Chi Minh, Kwame Nkrumah challenged imperial rule.

-Regional, religious, and ethnic movements threatened colonial rule and imperial boundaries for example
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

-National  movements like
Communism, Pan-Arabism,

Pan-Africanism united people.

-Ethnic violence like the ones of Armenia, The Holocaust   Cambodia, and Rwanda caused refuges.

-Global conflict was a  product of:

Imperialist expansion by European powers and Japan

Competition for resources

conflicts of ethnicity

Great powers Great Britain and Germany were rivals

Nationalist ideologies

The Great Depression.

-The practice of nonviolence was used by Gandhi ,Nelson Mandela as a way to bring about political change.

-Some people tried to have alternatives of existing economic, political, and social orders for example
Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong  and ,the Non-Aligned Movement, which was an alternative political bloc to the Cold War,

-Global conflicts affected pop culture for example  James Bond, Socialist Realism, Video games.

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Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global

Economy, Society, and Culture

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Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global

Economy, Society, and Culture

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*In the 1930s, there was a lot of warfare and as well the collapse of the global economy.

*New institutions of governance emerged.

*There was new understandings of society, culture and historical interpretations due to scientific breakthroughs, new technologies, changing relationships between humans and the environment and political conflict.

*Governments began to take a more active role in economic life.

*Governments encouraged free market economic policies and promoted economic liberation at the end of the 20th century.

*Due to the growth of institutions of global governance, states, communities, and individuals became increasingly independent.

*To maintain world peace and international cooperation, there was new international organizations formed.

*Humanitarian organizations developed to respond to humanitarian crises around the world.

*Using new technologies to spread new traditions, some people challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender and religion.

*Popular and consumer culture became global.

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Key Concept 5.1. Industrialization and Global

Capitalism

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Key Concept 5.1. Industrialization and Global

Capitalism

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10 major developments in human history

-Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean,  the geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber, European demographic changes, urbanization  which agricultural productivity, legal protection of private property, an abundance of rivers and canals, access to foreign resource, the accumulation of capital, single location which increased  specialization of labor, and fossil fuels which  revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies .All of these things led to Industrialization which changed how goods were produced.

-The second industrial revolution led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery.

-The growth of exports and   producing single natural resources such as cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meats, guano, metals and minerals was the product  of a splurge in population in urban center and the need for raw materials in factories.

-The development of industrialization caused a decline agricultural based economy  such as textile production in

India.

-During Industrialization caused states to seek out new consumer markets  for finished goods for example the tried to open up the Chinese market during the nineteenth century.

-Industrialization caused a demand in mining centers such as  copper mines in mexico Gold and diamonds  mines in South Africa. Industrialization caused financial instruments expanded. Industrialization also caused financial instruments to expand such as Stock markets, Insurance. gold standard, Limited liability corporations.

-The in industrialization caused major developments in transportation and communication such as railroads, steamships, telegraphs, canals.

-New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.

- Family dynamics developed such as gender roles, and demographics changed in response to industrialization.

-Rapid urbanization caused global capitalism which often led to unsanitary conditions and new forms of communication

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Key Concept 5.2. Imperialism and Nation-State

Formation

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Key Concept 5.2. Imperialism and Nation-State

Formation

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*The process of modern empire building resulted in/effected regional warfare and diplomacy.

*There was new ideas about race, gender, nationalism, class and culture that pushed the spread of transoceanic empires, anti-imperial resistance and the formation of new national identities.

*Transoceanic empires established industrializing powers.

*States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies.

*Spanish and Portuguese influence declined while European states, as well as the Americans and the Japanese, established empires in Asia and the pacific.

*In order to establish empires in Africa, many European states used both warfare and diplomacy.

*Industrialized states practiced economic imperialism.

*Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world.

*Imperialism was justified by new racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism.

*There was the fall of the Ottoman empire.

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10 major developments in human history
1. migration was caused in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized  societies
2. changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a global rise in population
3.  new modes of transportation allowed migrants to relocate to cities.
4. migrants relocated for variety of reasons, many freely relocated in search of work
5. such migrants such as manual laborers and professionals
6. the new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration such as slavery and convict labor
7.  migrants were usually male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society
8. ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks
9. receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, the state attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders
10. some regulation of immigrants included; the Chinese exclusion acts and the white Australia policy

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Key Concept 5.3. Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

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Key Concept 5.3. Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

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1. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.
2. Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.
3. Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life.
4. Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movements.
5. Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas.
6. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, and communism.
7. Demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies.
8. The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarity.
9. Intellectuals critiqued the role that that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation.
10. American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent states in the United States, Haiti, and mainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled against their monarchy.

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10 major developments in human history

1. Researchers made rapid advances in science spread around the world which was assisted by the development of new technology
2. The Green Revolution helped produce food for the increasing population as it spread chemically and genetically enhanced forms of agriculture
3. As the population kept growing at an unprecedented rate humans changed their relationship with the environment
4. Global warming was a major consequence of the release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere
5. Pollution threatened the world supply of water and clean air. Deforestation also became a consequence of the human impact. In addition rates of extinction of other species accelerated.
6. Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts
7. Diseases that were associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to humanity.
8. Effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility and transformed sexual practices
9. The improvement of military technology and new tactics led to the increase of war casualties
10. Changing lifestyles and increased longevity led to higher incidence of certain diseases

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Key Concept 4.1. Globalizing Networks of

Communication and Exchange

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Key Concept 4.1. Globalizing Networks of

Communication and Exchange

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1. Changing patterns of long-distance trade included the global circulation of some commodities and the formation of new regional markets and financial centers.
2. Increased trans-regional and global trade networks facilitated the spread of religion and other elements of culture as well as the migration of large numbers of people.
3. There was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia.
4. European technological developments in cartography and navigation.
5. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets.
6. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants.
7. Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas.
8. The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Colombian Exchange.
9. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created synthetic belief systems and practices.
10. The practice of Christianity continued  to spread throughout the world and was increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion and the Reformation.

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4.3---State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

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4.3---State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

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10 major developments in human history

1. Competition over the trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.
2. European states established new maritime empires in the Americas-(Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British)
3. Land empires expanded dramatically in size-(Manchus, Mughals, Ottoman, Russians)
4. Europeans began to establish trading-post empires in Africa and Asia which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks but they affected the power of the states in west/central africa.
5. Imperial expansion relied  on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish empires
6.  Rulers used the collection of tribute and tax farming to generate revenue for imperial expansion
7. The use of bureaucratic elites and the development of military professionals became common for rulers that wanted a centralized control over their populations and resources
8.  States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that they used what they contributed economically while also limiting their ability to challenge the state
9.  Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimatize and consolidate their power for example they used their arts to show their political power and their religious ideas
10.  In africa and the indian ocean the european empires consisted of interconnected trading posts.

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Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Innovation of State

Forms and Their Interactions

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Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Innovation of State

Forms and Their Interactions

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10 major developments in human history

-As states began to form they demonstrated diversity and innovation. Although the degree of success in diversity differed, for example in Afro-Eurasia some states  trying to preserve/ rebuild ways in structures progressed faster while states with that were smaller and less centralized continued to slowly develop. Also in Afro-Eurasia the caliphate was introduced.

-During this time Islam was a new concept which began to expand. This expansion caused inspiration for Islamic States for examples of these Islamic states include Mongol Khanates, Abbasids ,Muslim Iberia, Delhi Sultanates.

-During this time empires collapsed like the empires Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties — Sui, Tang, and Song ,but soon they were reconstructed using  more suitable circumstances like traditional sources of power and legitimacy patriarchy ,religion.

-Adoption of new methods began in dynasties and empires.These methods included taxation, tributary systems, and adaptation of religious institutions in order to keep their empire stable.

-A new form of government  called city states began to appear in the Italian peninsula, In East Africa, in Southeast Asia, the Americas.

-At this time states began to borrow local traditions, for example Islamic states borrowed persian traditions and Japan borrowed chinese traditions.

- In the Americas, states that held a lot of power developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean.

- City-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period,  systems of imperialism  were created by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca.

-As being able to contact others from across regions became easier, conflicts began to form which caused motivation cultural transfers and technological in Tang China between Abbasid, across the Mongol empires, and during the Crusades.

-Feudalism began in Europe and Japan.

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Key Concept 4.2. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production

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Key Concept 4.2. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production

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10 major developments in human history
1. new methods in crop and field rotation and the introduction of new crops resulted from agriculture productivity
2. economic growth depended on new forms of manufacturing and new commercial patterns.
3. peasant labor intensified in many labor like the development of frontier settlements in Russian Siberia
4. slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves
5. the growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas
6. both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites
7. the power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges
8. notable gender and family restructuring occurred such as the dependence of European men on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade in that region
9. the massive demographic changes in the Americas resulted in new ethnic and racial classifications like Mestizo
9. the power of existing political and economic elites like the zamindars in the Mughal Empire fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs
10. colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor such as chattel slavery and indentured servitude

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Key Concept 3.3. Increased Economic Productive

Capacity and Its Consequences

 

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Key Concept 3.3. Increased Economic Productive

Capacity and Its Consequences

 

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*Due to increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes,  there was changes in trade networks.

*Technology innovations (The horse collar, Champa rice varieties and Improved terracing techniques,) caused  agricultural and industrial production in many regions.

*There was an increase in urbanization by rising productivity and extended trade networks. There was also a decline in cities because of diseases, the Little Ice Age and invasions.

*New cities did emerge to take the roles of the government, religion and commercial centers.

*There was changes in labor management (Ex: Free peasant agriculture, military obligations and nomadic pastoralism,)  and the effects religious conversion had on gender relations and family life.

*Social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies.

*In some areas, women had more power and influence, mostly among the Mongols, Japan, Southeast Asia and West Africa.

* New forms of coerced labor appeared such as serfdom in Europe in Japan. Free peasants attempted to raise taxes by staging revolts.

*The demand for slaves increased (for both military and domestic purposes.)

*Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Neoconfucianism would often blend together, leading to changes in gender relations and family life.

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Key concept 3.1-Expansion and Intensification of

Communication and Exchange Networks

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Key concept 3.1-Expansion and Intensification of

Communication and Exchange Networks

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10 major developments in human history

1. Existing trade routes flourished( silk roads, Mediterranean sea, trans-Saharan, Indian ocean basins) and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities.
2. Commercial growth was facilitated by state practices, trading organizations and state sponsored commercial infrastructures.
3. The expansion of many empires facilitated Trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn to the economies of their conquerors and trade network. EMPIRES- China, The Byzantine empire, The Caliphates, The Mongols
4.  Migrations had significant environmental impacts such as the migration of the Bantu who facilitated the transmission of iron technologies and agricultural techniques in sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean migration of the Polynesians who cultivated foods and domesticated animals
5. Some migrations and commercial contact led to the diffusion of languages
6.  Merchants set up diasporic communities in key places along trade routes to introduce their own cultural traditions
7. The increase of cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions
8. New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas
9.  Epidemic diseases like the Black death followed paths of trade amd military conquest
10. Islam began to develop and expanded through the activities of merchants and missionaries.

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Key Concept 2.1. The  Development and Codification of

Religious and Cultural Traditions

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Key Concept 2.1. The  Development and Codification of

Religious and Cultural Traditions

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*A religious and cultural systems were  transformed, they used codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions to unite people and give them an ethical code to live by.

*Authority, both religious and political, joined as rulers and often used religion along with military/legal structures to enforce their rule.

*Universal truths were spread by new belief systems and cultural traditions.

*Daoism influenced the development of Chinese culture.

*Greco-Roman philosophy and science emphasized logic, observation, and the nature of political power and hierarchy.

*Gender roles were affected by new belief systems.

*Other religious and cultural traditions continued written belief systems in core civilizations.

*Shamanism and animism continued to shape the lives of people because of their daily reliance on the natural world.

*In many regions, there was ancestor veneration.

*Cultural development was shown through artistic expressions, including literature, drama, architecture, and sculptures.

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Key Concept 2.3. Emergence of Transregional

Networks of Communication and Exchange

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Key Concept 2.3. Emergence of Transregional

Networks of Communication and Exchange

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10 major developments in human history:

1.  long-distance trade increased dramatically, resulting from the demand for raw material and luxury goods.
2.  land and water routes linked many regions of the Eastern Hemisphere
3. trade routes: Eurasian Silk Roads,Trans- Saharan caravan routes, Indian Ocean Sea Lanes, Mediterranean sea lanes
4.  new technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange, technologies were the use of domesticated pack animals to transport goods across longer routes
5. the trade in goods, exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease spread across networks of communication
6. the spread of disease declined empires and decreased populations
7.  religious and cultural tradition were transformed like Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism.
8. new technologies like Yokes and Saddles made it easier for communication and exchange
9.  the spread of crops like rice and cotton encouraged  changes in farming and irrigation techniques
10. innovations in maritime technologies, like Lateen sail and Dhow sail stimulated routes

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Key Concept 2.2. The Development
of States and Empires

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Key Concept 2.2. The Development
of States and Empires

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1. They develop policies and procedures to govern their relationships with ethnically and culturally diverse populations.
2. The rulers created administrative institutions in many regions.
-Centralized governments
-Elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies
3. The empires projected military power over larger areas using a variety of techniques.
-Diplomacy
-Developing supply lines
-Building fortifications, defensive walls, and roads
-Drawing new groups of military officers and              soldiers from the local populations or conquered people
4. The success of the empires rested on their promotion of trade and economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuing currencies.
5. Cities served as centers of trade, public performance of religious rituals, and political administration for states and empires.
6. The social structures of empires displayed hierarchies that included cultivators, laborers, slaves, artisans, merchants, elites, or caste groups.
7. Imperial societies relied on a range of  methods to maintain the production of food and provide rewards for the loyalty of the elites.
8. Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family relations in all imperial societies of this period.
9. Imperial governments caused environmental damage and generated social tensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too much on wealth in the hands of elites.
10. External problems resulted from security issues along their frontiers, including the threat of invasions.

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Key Concept 1.3. The  Development and Interactions of

Early  Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

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Key Concept 1.3. The  Development and Interactions of

Early  Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

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10 major developments in human history:

-As civilization developed key features in civilization began to develop like cities, complex institutions' s, political bureaucracies, religious hierarchies, social hierarchies, long distance trading relationships, intensification of economic exchange between civilizations as well as nomadic pastoralists.

-As population grew the demand for food , other resources grew this led to the production of agricultural to surplus. This lead to a chain of events, such as to greater social gaps, specialization of labor, complex government, complex religion, an increase trade, and development of record keeping, such as Cuneiform, Hieroglyphs, Pictographs, Alphabets, Quipu. An example a state with these chain of events were the Hittites, who had access to iron — had greater access to resources, which in turn produced more food, and experienced growing populations. States such as these competed for land and resources and territorially expanded by defeat surrounding states.

-With wealth in communities came warfare between communities and pastoralist. This violence led to the development in technology, and urban defenses.

-Early stages of civilization began with a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and who was supported by the military.

-Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley (It's important to know about these states) .

-Pastoralists came up with new weapons (Compound bows and Iron weapons)  and forms of transportation (Chariots and horseback riding.)

-Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning (Ex: Pyramids, temples and sewage and water systems) and Political/Religious elites promoted the arts (Ex: Painting, Elaborate weaving and literature like "Rig Veda" and 'The "Epic of Gilgamesh."'

-Systems of record keeping formed, and examples would be cuneiform, Pictographs, Alphabet, and Quipu.

-New religious beliefs also formed in this period and Examples would be The Vedic Religion, Hebrew monotheism, and Zoroastrianism.

-Trade Expanded in this time period from local to trans-regional and regional with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas and technology. ( Ex: Egypt and Nubia, Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley.)

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Key Concept 1.2. The  Neolithic Revolution and Early

Agricultural Societies

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Key Concept 1.2. The  Neolithic Revolution and Early

Agricultural Societies

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10 major developments in human history:

1. As the climate changed people adapted to it and became agriculturalists.
2. Patriarchy and forced labor developed
3. Pastoralism emerged in parts of Africa and Eurasia meaning that they domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing ranges.
4. Pastoralism and agriculture led to a more reliable food supply, increasing the population.
5. Surpluses of foods and goods led to specialized labor including new classes of artisans, warriors, and elites.
6.  Technological innovations led to improvements in agriculture, trade and transportation.
7. In pastoral and agrarian societies elites accumulated wealth and created hierarchical social structures.
8. Permanent agricultural villages emerged in the eastern Mediterranean
9. Examples of innovations: Pottery, plow, woven textiles, metallurgy, and wheels.
10. Agriculture drastically impacted environmental diversity. Also pastoralists grazed large number of animals on fragile grasslands which lead to erosion when overgrazed.

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Key Concept 1.1. Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth

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Key Concept 1.1. Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth

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10 major developments in human history:

1. humans began in africa
2. humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas
3. adopted new technologies and cultures to new climate regions
4. fire was used in new ways, for hunting and foraging, protect against predators, and to adapt to cold environments
5. more tools to adapt to different environments
6. small kinship groups of hunting-foraging bands could make what they need to survive
7. exchanged people, ideas, and goods
8. were mobile and creative in adopting to different geographical settings
9. relatively egalitarian
10. developed varied and sophisticated technologies