# data[].attributes.body
- diffuses tension
- mitigates possible offense
- introduces difficult issues in lighter manner
- increases hope
- decreases stress
- strengthens team spirit (SIM)
- power play (CN)

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Humor in Intercultural Business Meetings

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Humor in Intercultural Business Meetings

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Humor strategies use humor to:
- show support
- show solidarity
-shift between more and less serious topics of conversation (formal vs. informal)
-establish hierarchy

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-That context is pivotal in the evaluation of the effectiveness of humor in the workplace.
- Humors optimal effectiveness (in the context of an American school) is when it is employed by a principal who is considered to be of high integrity and employees a contingent reward system (that essentially provides incremental rewards).
-High use humor in the presence of both of these factors boosts performance than either variable does alone or with just eachother.

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The Influence of Leader Humor on Relationships between Leader Behavior and Follower Outcomes

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The Influence of Leader Humor on Relationships between Leader Behavior and Follower Outcomes

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Case study that looked at California school district teachers ratings of there principals "humor" and how correlations at each end of the spectrum influenced employee performance.

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Humor in Business Meetings: New Zealand vs. Japan. 

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Humor in Business Meetings: New Zealand vs. Japan. 

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- In New Zealand's business meeting, everyone can freely contribute. But in Japanese business, there is only a single contribution from the in-charge/authority person.
- In the New Zealand context, using humor is expected and created a welcome space as well as helped to build team spirit.
- In Japan context, using humor enhances the hierarchy between the employers and employees.

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- "complex and paradoxical phenomenon."
- context bound and hardly understand by the out-group members
- helps to minimize the difference between the in-group members. enhance the solidarity or sense of belonging within a group.

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Laughter in Japanese Business Communication

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Laughter in Japanese Business Communication

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Study found that in Japanese business communication, laughter is used in similar ways as other cultures, such as to ease tension.  However, there seems to be less shared laughter, indicating less use of humor, in business communication

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Laughter in Japanese Business Communication

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Laughter in Japanese Business Communication

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Laughter may not indicate humor

Functions of Laughter:
- ease the delivery of bad news
- face-saving to relieve embarrassment
- may be self-serving, with no expectation that others will reciprocate laughter
-used by lower status workers

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- company values
- orientation of organization
- language barriers (i.e. recognition of irony is culturally dependent an highly subjective!!)

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Humor in Intercultural Business Meetings

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Humor in Intercultural Business Meetings

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Interactive Strategies :
- depend on what individuals consider to be appropriate behavior
- one style will be dominant, giving influence to those who use it
- in-group members benefit
- out-group members may feel excluded

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Humor in Intercultural Business Meetings

# data[].attributes.subject
Humor in Intercultural Business Meetings

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- Analyzed communication in management-level meetings
-variation in formality of meetings
- shifts from formal to informal discourse
-cultural variation due to differences in what is deemed appropriate behavior

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SIM used more humor (34%) than CN (25%)
- in CN the buyers had more control and the environment has higher stakes and required more serious conversation

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power can be determined by who starts/ends the joking and who laughs at whose joke
- maintaining power uses repressive humor
- challenging power uses congestive humor

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Case study looking at humor used within two different meetings: an internal meeting between sales team (SIM) and a negotiation between sellers and potential buyers (CN)

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The contribution of humor affected by cultural differences. 

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The contribution of humor affected by cultural differences. 

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- In the New Zealand context, the primed with "egalitarianism," which means everybody has an equal right to contribute. Therefore, they build a relationship based on on-going interaction, and using humor is a communicative expectation to interact.
- In the Japanese context, they primed with "ba," meaning the situation that one experiences. So for the Japanese, they have to consider the situation they are in vs themselves to create a harmonious atmosphere in the workplace. Therefore, in this context, they would question their role in the relationship for how to contribute the humor.