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What is the Green New Deal?

What are its main provisions?

1. Creation of new jobs

2. Transport and infrastructure

3. Clean air, good water, healthy food

4. Pollution

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Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is among the first female members of the Democratic Socialists of America elected to serve in Congress. Ocasio-Cortez advocates a progressive platform that includes Medicare for all, a federal jobs guarantee, a proposed Green New Deal, abolishing the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, free public college and trade school.

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EU immigration rules - in 90 seconds - BBC News

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Thousands of migrants are trying to reach Europe to escape war zones in the Middle East and poverty and turmoil in Africa. Germany has suspended the Dublin regulation - a system where asylum seekers must make their applications in the first EU country they reach - for Syrians.

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The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is a set of rules designed to ensure that countries in the European Union pursue sound public finances and coordinate their fiscal policies.

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In March 2005, the EU Council, under the pressure of France and Germany, relaxed the rules

Country-specific Medium-Term budgetary Objectives (MTO)'s

Minimum annual budgetary effort - for states on the adjustment path to reach its MTO

Early-warning system

Structural reforms

Definition of excessive deficits

Deadlines and repetition of steps in the excessive deficit procedure

Taking into account systemic pension reforms

Focus on debt and fiscal sustainability: reform changes of the economic governance

Fiscal governance

Statistical governance

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In March 2011, following the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis, the EU member states adopted a new reform under the  Open Method of Coordination.
The four broad strategic goals are:
• Fostering competitiveness
• Fostering employment
• Contributing to the sustainability of public finances
• Tax policy coordination

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Defeating inequality, promoting the "Green Deal", approving a tax on the web and reforming the Dublin regulation are the pillars of Paolo Gentiloni's European agenda, designated by the European commissioner proposed by the Italian government. In his first interview as commissioner-designate, the former prime minister and former foreign minister suggests responsibility for his future role in shaping policies to help the European Union overcome sovereign ideologies. He affirms that Italy must restart from Italy, from the role that would normally be expected from one of the three great founding members and from the major economies of the EU. He argues that it is important for this new beginning to send a message to Italian citizens, spreading the idea that Europe is our only future.

According to Gentiloni 30 years after the fall of the Berlin wall, liberal democracy is again a hot topic; and that the European model of rights, social status and multilateralism for transatlantic relations is the context in which Italian citizens want to live. The minister also believes that there is a new pro-European beginning that cannot be imposed from above, since some countries face moments of recession, but after a period of prolonged growth, they are facing prospects of an economic slowdown. The key message of the new Commission led by Ursula von der Leyen is to take the path of growth by making it more sustainable for society and the environment. He also says that there is the idea that social policies are the responsibility of individual countries, and that it cannot be ignored that the European Union, with a single market and a single currency, should also have common tools of social policy and tax. One of the main missions that President von der Leyen has assigned to Gentiloni is to work on an EU unemployment insurance will be a task of high concrete and symbolic value.

In addition to the "European Green Deal", the other major objective of the new Commission will be the EU's competitiveness in digital services and innovation. To be competitive, there is a need for major investments in education, training, research and high quality universities. This is one of the most important challenges of the new Commission. The goal of environmental sustainability must be present in all their efforts. In the case of the Economic Commissioner, we move from taxation and investments to the Stability Pact: we need an investment to plan a sustainable Europe. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals must be integrated into the European Semester. The new Italian government has a clear pro-European approach. One of the first decisions announced by the government was to join the group of countries working to reduce CO2 emissions. The stability and growth pact has two challenging objectives for several member countries, but for the Commission both are important: stability cannot be renounced and growth can be considered an option. The evaluation that needs to be done concerns the objective on which politicians will have to shift their review: it can lead to a clearer interpretation of the current regulation as well as to real legislative changes. Italy will certainly have a say in this review. The EU member countries have different opinions and in the presence of different economic conditions, these differences have not diminished. The EU has long served to bring together different economies. Monetary policies have been fundamental to emerge from the last crisis, but alone they are not enough to face the economic slowdown in Europe. At a necessary and gradual pace, there is also a need for economic and fiscal policies in favor of growth. The first task as a minister will be to verify the possibility of a tax on the web on a global scale. The Commission will try to reach an agreement, but if it is not possible, its mission will be to propose a European tax on the web. Given the size of the market, a European tax on the web would have a substantial impact. There are two important missions related to fiscal equality that Gentiloni will have to coordinate: a revision of the directive on energy taxation and the harmonization of corporation tax among member countries. The Juncker plan worked more than the EU realized. They will start with a positive result and we will try to improve it. The minister's goal will be to coordinate the definition of a new investment program that must pay particular attention, but not exclusive, to sustainability and digital. It will be seen whether progress will only affect intergovernmental relations between some countries or whether they will be translated into new rules.

There are countries like Sweden that are very advanced in terms of migration policy, but these rules are not decided at European level. The Commission can make an important contribution to the modification of the legislation on asylum and border control, assisting the countries of origin of migrants; support agreements on migration flows and reach agreements with other countries, always respecting human rights and European values. It means that the nationalist wave has been interrupted. Dialogue between these groups, including the Greens, is a clear response to the risk of nationalist ideologies. However, relations between EU groups work differently than in individual countries. The Commission is not a coalition government: European commissioners are European, they represent their country. The dialogue between Berlin and Paris is a fact that cannot be ignored. Gentiloni would like Italy to play a role. Both France and Germany have something to gain from a relationship with Italy, contributing to the stabilization of Europe and the revival of the euro area.

There are disagreements, but the principles of the EU must be respected by all. It would be absurd, 30 years after the fall of the Berlin wall, to nurture feelings of exclusion in the eastern countries that are an important part of the EU and each presents a different situation. This scenario needs more Europe, which means a peaceful superpower and a great player in multilateralism that must integrate diplomatic, security, economic and commercial initiatives, confirming, obviously, the key role of NATO. Italy had a president of the Commission, Romano Prodi, who left an important mark on the future of the Commission. Gentiloni ends up saying that he is very honored for the job he has recently taken on. Being the Commissioner for Economic Affairs is an important responsibility that he hopes to take with two goals in mind: building agreements within the group and pushing the European Parliament and the Commission to play a key role together.

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The Dublin Regulation establishes the Member State responsible for the examination of the asylum application. The criteria for establishing responsibility run, in hierarchical order, from family considerations, to recent possession of visa or residence permit in a Member State, to whether the applicant has entered EU irregularly, or regularly.
The Dublin regime was originally established by the Dublin Convention, which was signed in Dublin on 15 June 1990, and first came into force on 1 September 1997 for the first twelve signatories (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom), on 1 October 1997 for Austria and Sweden, and on 1 January 1998 for Finland. While the convention was only open to accession by member states of the European Communities, Norway and Iceland, non-member states, concluded an agreement with the European Communities in 2001 to apply the provisions of the Convention in their territories.
The Dublin II Regulation was adopted in 2003, replacing the Dublin Convention in all EU member states except Denmark. An agreement with this on extending the application of the Regulation to Denmark came into force in 2006. A separate protocol also extended the Iceland-Norway agreement to Denmark in 2006. The provisions of the Regulation were also extended by a treaty to non-member states Switzerland, on 1 March 2008, and Liechtenstein on 1 April 2011. A protocol subsequently made this agreement also applicable to Denmark.On 3 December 2008, the European Commission proposed amendments to the Dublin Regulation, creating an opportunity for reform of the Dublin System.
The Dublin III Regulation was approved in June 2013, replacing the Dublin II Regulation, and applies to all member states except Denmark. It came into force on 19 July 2013. It is based on the same principle as the previous two, and it was established that the first Member State where finger prints are stored or an asylum claim is lodged is responsible for a person's asylum claim.
In July 2017, the European Court of Justice confirmed the Dublin Regulation, declaring that it still stands despite the high influx of 2015, giving EU member states the right to deport migrants to the first country of entry to the EU.
The Dublin III Regulation contains procedures for the protection of asylum applicants and improves the system’s efficiency through:
- An early warning, preparedness and crisis management mechanism, geared to addressing the root dysfunctional causes of national asylum systems or problems stemming from particular pressures.
- A series of provisions on protection of applicants, such as compulsory personal interview, guarantees for minors (including a detailed description of the factors that should lay at the basis of assessing a child's best interests) and extended possibilities of reunifying them with relatives.
- The possibility for appeals to suspend the execution of the transfer for the period when the appeal is judged, together with the guarantee of the right for a person to remain on the territory pending the decision of a court on the suspension of the transfer pending the appeal.
-An obligation to ensure legal assistance free of charge upon request.
- A single ground for detention in case of risk of absconding; strict limitation of the duration of detention.
- The possibility for asylum seekers that could, in some cases, be considered irregular migrants and returned under the Return Directive, to be treated under the Dublin procedure; thus giving these persons more protection than the Return Directive.
- An obligation to guarantee right to appeal against transfer decision.
- More legal clarity of procedures between Member States and exhaustive and clearer deadlines. The entire Dublin procedure cannot last longer than 11 months to take charge of a person, or 9 months to take him/her back (except for absconding or where the person is imprisoned).
However this system was criticized infact, according to European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) and UNHCR the current system fails in providing fair, efficient and effective protection. Around 2008, those refugees transferred under Dublin were not always able to access an asylum procedure. This put people at risk of being returned to persecution. The claim has been made on a number of occasions both by ECRE and UNHCR, that the Dublin regulation impedes the legal rights and personal welfare of asylum seekers, including the right to a fair examination of their asylum claim and, where recognised, to effective protection, as well as the uneven distribution of asylum claims among Member States.
Application of this regulation can seriously delay the presentation of claims, and can result in claims never being heard. Causes of concern include the use of detention to enforce transfers of asylum seekers from the state where they apply to the state deemed responsible, also known as Dublin transfers, the separation of families and the denial of an effective opportunity to appeal against transfers. The Dublin system also increases pressures on the external border regions of the EU, where the majority of asylum seekers enter EU and where states are often least able to offer asylum seekers support and protection.
After ECRE, the UNHCR and other non-governmental organisations openly criticised Greece's asylum system, including the lack of protection and care for unaccompanied children, several countries suspended transfers of asylum seekers to Greece under the Dublin II regulation. Norway announced in February 2008 it would stop transferring any asylum seeker back to Greece under the Dublin II regulation. In September, it backtracked and announced that transfers to Greece would be based on individual assessments. In April 2008 Finland announced a similar move.
The regulation is also criticised by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights as undermining refugee rights.
The European Court of Human Rights in the case between Belgium and Greece, judged that both the Greek and the Belgian governments violated the European Convention on Human Rights by applying the EU's own law on asylum seekers. Recently, voices have been heard calling for the imposition of tougher sanctions, should similar cases of trying to follow EU asylum laws occur in the future.