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This is an example of a condor pedigree (family tree). This can help to determine which condors to breed next based on family history with disease, as well as the age of condor. Optimally, you would want the youngest male and female in families with little to no history of chondrodystrophy or other disease in the family. In this pedigree, the babies who dies are red, so the optimal pairing would be the blue and yellow families which have the least likely chance of having a child with chondrodystrophy/other disease.

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This Punnet square shows: 50% TT, 50% Tt, 0% tt.
This means that there's a 100% chance the condor wont have chondrodystrophy, and a 0% chance they will have chondrodystrophy.
T stands for the dominant trait- not having chondrodystrophy
t stands for the recessive trait- carrying the potential to have chondrodystrophy

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California Condors are sexually monophonic so scientists extracted DNA to tell the genders. Male condors have the chromosomes ZZ, while females have the chromosomes ZW. Taking DNA samples helps scientists see if the condors are healthy to breed. Examples of collecting DNA if from feathers, blood, skin, and hair.

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Gel Electrophoresis is the process of seperating different size fragments of DNA to analyze different aspects of an organism. This process helps you determine the sex because it helps to show if the sex chromosomes are ZZ, a male, or ZW, a female. Since the male chromosomes are the same size, they create only one line when fully processed, while females create two lines due to the two different chromosomes. (we're not seeing the whole chromosome in the gel, just one trait that is different base lengths (sizes) of the Z and W chromosome.

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PCR is a process of making copies of specific DNA segments. PCR is used to make thousands of amplified copies of particular DNA segments.The genes that are chosen to be isolated are the genes that may include types of genetic disorders and diseases.
Steps of PCR:
1. Denaturing- When the DNA is heated to separate it into two single strands.
2. Annealing-When the temperature is lowered so the DNA primers can attach to the DNA.

3. Extending- when the temperature is raised and the new strand of DNA is made by the polymerase enzymes.
Each step needs to be performed at a very specific temperature in order to replicate the DNA, through the process of thermacycling (pictured below).

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Three of the main threats to condors are:

Wildfires

Getting shot with lead bullets- which can lead to lead poisoning (pictured below)

Chondrodystrophy- a skeletal disorder caused by one of myriad genetic mutations

Power lines- a California Condor's wingspan is about 9 feet long; when fully extended, the wings can touch both sides of the line- completing a circuit and electrocuting the bird

Micro-trash

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Chondrodystrophy (pictured below) is a disease that causes lethal dwarfism in baby condors. Their organs don't develop and grow enough while incubating, and when born, their organs don't function properly. As a result, they die after a couple of weeks.