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Policy formulation and adoption are always battles fought on two fronts: words and money. (p. 196)

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“Regardless of whether the new policy originated at the federal, state, or local level, they (school administrators) are expected to develop a plan to carry it out, motivate teachers and others to cooperate, marshal the necessary resources, and provide feedback about the process” (p. 19)

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“School leaders throughout the country should always remember that merely because an issue has been defined at the national level does not mean that  it is final or beyond question. (p. 188)

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“Ideology shapes issue definition at least as much as research does” (p. 175)

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Who/What are the most influential groups/conferences to attend regarding policy and policy change?

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If there is resistance, you may see these responses:

Exit- people leaving

Voice- speaking up

Disloyalty

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How can a leader truly trust an evaluation? How do you sift through the beneficial information/data with the false/misrepresented information? How do you justify your response to an evaluation?

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“A policy has been fully institutionalized when it has been seamlessly integrated into the routine practices of the school or district.” (p/ 299)

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indicator systems - should be holistic

policy eval→ eval, project, program, stakeholder

policy evaluation typically follows the same general procedures (p.313)

why would players want to prevent a good evaluation for school leaders? (p.322)

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“Three factors stand out as predictors of ultimate success: (1) a rough start, (2) pressure by leaders to continue trying the new approach (3) ongoing assistance of various kinds. (p. 295)

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successful implementation:monitoring and feedback, ongoing assistance, coping with problems

why impose policies without interest in whether or not they are truly implemented?

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Evaluation is political. They can mislead, misrepresent, mask, or inflate information/data because self-interest, financial ties, reputations, and perceived individual/group/organizational or educational benefits.

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Rules fill gaps, define key terms and /or define internal procedures

The rules have rules for writing them -p210

Federal Rules: Code of Federal Regulations

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Motives for adopting new policy:

Do we have good reasons for adopting new policy?

Is this policy appropriate for our school or district?

Does the policy we are considering have sufficient support among key stakeholders?

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Who exactly is organizing the think tanks? 

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“Successful implementation depends on developing and maintaining both the will and the capacity of the intermediaries.” (p. 271)

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“Many official policies are never implemented at all, and many others are implemented only partially or incorrectly” (p. 270)

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Successful implementations include the following important factors: “(1) monitoring and feedback, (2) ongoing assistance, and (3) coping with problems” (p. 296).

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Priority setting, especially in smaller districts to determine what policies should be influenced most by educators. USing resources wisely.

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language & money are two important factors
What are the pors and cons to Texas' approach to budgets in legislature

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“Many policies--perhaps most--are never really implemented. Among those policies that are not implemented, a watered-down version is often put in place. Sometimes nothing changes at all” (p. 277).

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Will and capacity determines success of implementation.

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Coming up with a policy does not mean that it will be followed--implementations are often failures

Implementation is difficult.
Implementer often lack the knowledge and skills necessary to implement a policy.

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"Successful implementation depends on developing and maintaining both the will and the capacity of the intermediaries."

"Educators must be willing"

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To fill in gaps in the law

Define key terms in the law

Provide professional expertise to shape the policy

To determine internal procedures

Aid in the implementation of new policies

To decrease the workload of legislatures.

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Administrators define how/rules for implementation.  May not happen right away.

"When judges make decisions about the cases they hear, they are playing the crucial role of interpreting laws passed by a lege or the rules developed by an admin agency." p. 214

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Separate legislation determines the wording of laws and its funding. Fighting for funding is usually more difficult than the battle for words. These processes play out simultaneously.

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1) Expressed in written language- statute, rule, or court decision
2) adopt policy language
3) both houses vote and executive signs

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Becomes law when house & senate both approve.  Signed by president, governor, etc.

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Introduction, sponsorship, committee.  Seldom are bills written by author; they usually come from groups wanting the legislation passed.

Before a policy can be adopted formally, it must be expressed in written form.

"...they aggressively lobby legislators or agency administrators who are strangers to them, hoping to somehow influence them. This approach is worse than ineffective..." p. 221

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1) moving issue from systemic agenda to governmental agenda
2) keeping an issue on systemic agenda and off governmental agenda

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“...in legislatures, policy formulation and adoption are always battles fought on two fronts: words and money” (p. 196).

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Multiple agendas - policy, systemic, professional, media, public,& governmental.

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Provide information about issues; keep pressure on an issue by writing letters and lobbying

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The most important part of the process.

Heavily influenced by members of EEPRC.

"Intelligent definition of an issue can increase the likelihood of political support, reduce the likelihood of opposition, and shape the policy debate." p. 169

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"Ideas, values, and ideologies are extraordinarily important in issue definition; they shape and restrict the interpretations that people are able or willing to give problems, as well as the solutions they are willing to offer." 

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"Ideas, values, and ideologies are extraordinarily important in issue definition; they shape and restrict the interpretations that people are able or willing to give problems, as well as the solutions they are willing to offer." 

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Policies are evaluated in order to determine if they work as they are intended. Evaluations are conducted by outside consulating firms or by universities or think tanks that do this kind of work

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The success of this stage depends on motivating educators to implement the new policy and providing them with the necessary resources to do so.

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In public education, rules and regulations are adopted officially by the appropriate body.

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Who exactly is organizing the think tanks?

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Set by powerful politicians such as president, governors and legislators

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Every society has numerous social problems, but only a few are ever identified as public policy problems.