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Emile Durkheim was a functionalist sociologist who focused his research heavily on education and culture. He theorized that we all have a "collective conscience" which essentially explains how we think in common with those who share similar interests, experiences, and culture. Durkheim also carefully on anomie (instances when there is a lack of social standards), and why violence arises during times of social change. This has helped sociologists today have a better grip on social issues, and the effectiveness of public protests. Durkheim has also researched education and how it should be practiced in order to benefit the child. He believes that while rules should be strictly enforced, "‘to become attached to society, the child must feel in it something that is real, alive and powerful, which dominates the person and to which he owes the best part of himself".

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* One of the 'founders' of sociology
*Believed in The Iron Cage- it traps individuals in systems based purely on technological efficiency, rational calculation and control
*Weber's most well-known and widely read work is The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Weber presented a theory in which the values of ascetic Protestantism fostered the acquisitive nature of the capitalist economic system, against Marx materialist approach.
*In the essay, Politics as a Vocation, Weber theorized in 3 forms of authority
1.traditional, based on the logic "this is the way things have always been done"
2.charismatic, heroism showing visionary leadership
3. legal-rational, rooted in laws of the state

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- Du Bois's black nationalism took several forms. The most influential being his pioneering advocacy of Pan-Africanism, the belief that all people of African descent had common interests and should work together in the struggle for their freedom.

- Racism was the main target of Du Bois's polemics, and he strongly protested against lynching, Jim Crow laws, and discrimination in education and employment. His cause included people of color everywhere, particularly Africans and Asians in colonies.

- Du Bois took a trip around the world in 1936, which included visits to Nazi Germany, China and Japan. While in Germany, Du Bois remarked that he was treated with warmth and respect. After his return to the United States, he expressed his ambivalence about the Nazi regime. He admired how the Nazis had improved the German economy, but he was horrified by their treatment of the Jewish people, which he described as "an attack on civilization, comparable only to such horrors as the Spanish Inquisition and the African slave trade."

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derives social processes from human interaction such as conflict, cooperation, and identity formation. shows how individuals shape society and are shaped by society through meaning that arises in interactions.

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society is a complex system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole.

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sees social life as a competition and is viewed as an arena of inequality that creates social conflict and change .

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- taught the first sociology course at UofM in 1899
- wanted to highlight the connection between society and the individual. He believed the two could only be understood in relation to one another
- coined the concept "looking-glass self," which states that we learn who we are through our interactions. He believed that through theses interactions one begins to develop an idea of who they are. Which states that the self is a product of our social interactions
- his work "Personal Competition" where he observed that as the US expanded people became more individualistic and competitive, showing less concern for traditional family
- In " Social Organization"  he accentuated the importance of primary groups and believed their impact was so great that they would cling to primary ideals

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-parents were Jewish; father converted to Lutheranism in 1816
-Karl Marx: born in 1818 in Trier, Prussia
-oldest boy in family of nine children
-joined a movement for Helegians
(attack political and cultural establishments)
-became a journalist and created literary pieces with radical subjects that later got him expelled from his university
-1848, he and his partner Friedrich Engels published "The Communist Manifesto" = purposes and goals of communism
-create the literary piece for the purpose of explaining the idea: socialism is an outcome from actions in the capitalist system
-believed that capitalism = self-destruction
-most importantly believed: no one should have power over another, everyone is equal