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Curious which images you can safely use for your school projects? Common Sense Education has curated a pool of images that are usable and do not risk copyright violation.

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Teachers can send students to this site to find images for their projects and presentations. These photos will be easy to cite and appropriate for any grade level. Teachers can use this site in collaboration with other sites to teach the importance of proper citations. Teachers can also use it to explain Creative Commons licensing and the legal issues of taking sources without citing them. The Photos for Class website has information on all the licenses on the "Giving Credit Where Credit is Due" page of their site.

It's important to note that teachers should ask students to take note of the sources they are using, particularly with a site such as Noodletools, which will walk them through the citation process and give them a works cited list once their project is completed.

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Photos for Class Review for Teachers | Common Sense Education

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Teachers can send students to this site to find images for their projects and presentations. These photos will be easy to cite and appropriate for any grade level. Teachers can use this site in collaboration with other sites to teach the importance of proper citations.

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The EFF explores the vulnerabilities students and children experience when sharing data and information online. The EFF has provided several case studies illustrating these issues.

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Last month, the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Education held a workshop in Washington, DC. The topic was "Student Privacy and Ed Tech." We at EFF have been trying to get the FTC to focus on the privacy risks of educational technology (or "ed tech") for...

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Understanding and using technology is fundamental to education in the 21st century. As a result, many school districts around the country are making use of cloud-based educational platforms and assigning laptops and tablets to students. Almost one third of all students-elementary through high school-already use school-issued digital devices, and many of these devices present a serious risk to student privacy.

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NOLO is a site that comprises various legal sites to help provide information about the laws as they apply to our questions surrounding copyright and privacy. NOLO explains how the Fair Use doctrine is applied.

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In some situations, you may use another's copyrighted work without asking permission and without being liable for copyright infringement.

Copyright law gives certain exclusive rights to creators, including the right to reproduce, distribute, and make adaptations from their works. Unauthorized use of another's copyrighted work is copyright infringement.

"Fair use" is an important defense that sometimes applies to claims of copyright infringement. If your use is fair use, is not infringement.

In this article, we explain how fair use works, given you examples, and help you evaluate whether the doctrine applies to your own situation. Our focus here is written works, nut keep in mind that fair use applies to any type of copyrighted work, including musical works, audio-visual works, and even software.

What Is Fair Use and Why Do We Have It?

The fair use privilege is perhaps the most significant limitation on a copyright owner's exclusive rights. If you write or publish, you need a basic understanding of what does and doesn't constitute fair use.

Writers, academics, and journalists frequently need to borrow the words of others. Sooner or later, almost all writers quote or closely paraphrase material that someone else has written. For example, imagine:

Andy, a political blogger, quotes from a newspaper editorial in order to criticize the main argument of the editorial.

Phil, a biographer and historian, quotes from several unpublished letters and diaries written by his subject.

Regina, a freelance writer, closely paraphrases two paragraphs from the Encyclopedia Britannica in an article she's writing.

Sylvia, a poet, quotes a line from a poem by Maya Angelou, by way of homage, in one of her own poems.

Assuming the material quoted in these examples is protected by copyright, must Andy, Phil, Regina, or Sylvia get permission from the author or other copyright owner to use it? You may be surprised to learn that the answer is "not necessarily."

Under fair use, another author may make limited use of the original author's work without asking permission. Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1986 ( 17 U.S. Code § 107) states that fair use of copyrighted material "for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright."

Types of Uses That Can Qualify as Fair Use

Subject to some general limitations discussed later in this article, the following types of uses are usually deemed fair use:

Criticism and commentary. For example, quoting or excerpting a work in a review for purposes of illustration or comment would normally be fair use. A book reviewer would normally be permitted to quote limited passages from a book in a newspaper column as part of a critique of the book.

News reporting. Summarizing an article, with brief quotations, in a news report constitutes fair use. For instance, a journalist would be permitted to quote from a the text of a political speech text without the politician's permission.

Research and scholarship. Quoting a short passage in a scholarly, scientific, or technical work for the purpose of illustration or clarification would be acceptable. An art historian would be able to use an image of a painting in an academic article that analyzes the painting.

Nonprofit educational uses. Teachers photocopying limited portions of written works for classroom use is normally acceptable. An English teacher would be permitted to copy a few pages of a book to show to the class as part of a lesson plan. (Note that the teacher would not be permitted to photocopy the entire book).

Parody. Parody is a work that ridicules another, usually well-known work by imitating it in a comic way. For example, Barry Trotter and the Unauthorized Parody by Michael Gerber is a parody of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J.K. Rowling.

Determining Fair Use: The 4 Factors Courts Use

Use isn't automatically fair just because it falls into one of the categories above. And uses that don't fall into those categories can be fair.

When there's a dispute, courts consider the followingfour issues in deciding whether a use is fair use:

1. why the party used the copyrighted material (for instance, for commercial versus educational purposes)

2. whether the copyrighted work is informational or for entertainment

3. how much of the copyrighted work the party used, and

4. whether and how the use affects the market for or value of the copyrighted work.

Read more about how courts interpret and weigh the four factors to decide whether a use is fair use.

Is It Fair Use? 4 Questions to Ask Yourself

Here are four practical questions that will help to inform you about whether your use of another's work might qualify as fair use. Other factors can come into play (like whether the copyrighted material has been published), but these questions can tell you a lot.

1. Am I Creating Something New or Just Copying?

The purpose and character of your intended use of the material involved (the "why" of the use) is the single most important factor in determining whether a use is fair under U.S. copyright law. But regardless of your purpose in using the work, you should ask yourself whether you are merely copying someone else's work verbatim or instead transforming it into something new.

Crediting the Source Isn't Enough

Some people mistakenly believe that they can use any material as long as they properly give the author credit. Not true. Giving credit and fair use are completely separate concepts. Either you have the right to use another author's material under the fair use rule, or you do not. The fact that you attribute the material to the other author doesn't change that.

2. Am I Competing With the Source I'm Copying From?

Without consent, you ordinarily can't use another person's protected expression in a way that impairs (or even potentially impairs) the market for their work.

For example, say Nick, a golf pro, writes a book on how to play golf. He copies several brilliant paragraphs on how to putt from a book by Lee Trevino, one of the greatest putters in golf history. If Nick's book could compete with and possibly damage the market for Trevino's book, Nick's copying would likely not be fair use.

3. Am I Taking More Than I Need From the Source Material?

As a general rule, the more material you copy from the original, the less likely it is that your use will be considered a fair use.

How much is too much? There's no hard-and-fast answer to that question. It depends in part on how much you need to accomplish your purpose (such as criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research). If you copied five paragraphs when three sentences would have sufficed, you probably took too much. On the other hand, copying entire works, under some circumstances, can qualify as fair use.

4. How Valuable Is the Part I'm Copying?

The more important the material is to the original work, the less likely your use of it will be considered fair.

In one famous case, The Nation magazine obtained a copy of Gerald Ford's memoir before its publication. The magazine's article about the memoir quoted only 300 words from Ford's 200,000-word manuscript.

The Supreme Court ruled that this was not a fair use. According to the Court, the material quoted (dealing with the Nixon pardon) was the "heart of the book ... the most interesting and moving parts of the entire manuscript." The Court found that prepublication disclosure of this material would cut into the value or sales of the book.

Copying From Unpublished Materials

As the example above might suggest, when it comes to fair use, unpublished works are inherently different from published works. Publishing an author's unpublished works without their authorization deprives them of their right to decide when and whether the works will be made public. For this reason, copying from unpublished works is less likely to qualify as fair use than copying from works that have already been published.

More Information on Fair Use

For more detailed information on fair use and copyrighted material, see Getting Permission: Using & Licensing Copyright-Protected Materials Online & Off.

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Fair Use: When Copyrighted Material Can Be Used Without Permission

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In some situations, you may make limited use of another's copyrighted work without asking permission or infringing on the original copyright.

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CMSI explores the challenges associated with the Fair Use doctrine and describes the need for teachers and students to understand their free speech rights as it relates to the Fair Use doctrine.

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The Visual Resources Association has released its own code of best practices in fair use. It will be enormously valuable to art teachers, librarians, curators, publishers and more.

The Statement well describes the need for professionals working with image resources to know their free speech rights in regard to fair use:

"Uncertainty surrounding the ability to rely on fair use had a tangible negative impact on teaching, research, and study: for example, some faculty and students do not have access to the images they need for pedagogical purposes because the images cannot be licensed and because these individuals are unsure of the boundaries of fair use. In other instances, individual institutions are uncertain about their ability legally to preserve image collections and to migrate them to new formats. In still other cases, some graduate students are tailoring their doctoral dissertation and thesis choices based on perceived licensing barriers."
What It Covers
The Statement should allow students, faculty, and other professionals to get back to work. It describes six uses of copyrighted still images that the VRA believes fall within the U.S. doctrine of fair use.

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Statement on the Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Study - Center for Media and Social Impact

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The Visual Resources Association has released its own code of best practices in fair use. It will be enormously valuable to art teachers, librarians, curators, publishers and more.

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The ACLU provides myriad resources on understanding internet privacy issues. According to this site, "The ACLU works to promote a future where technology can be implemented in ways that protect civil liberties, to limit the collection of personal information, and to ensure that individuals have control over their private data."

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New technologies are making it easier for governments and corporations to learn the minutiae of our online activities. Corporations collect our information to sell to the highest bidder while an expanding surveillance apparatus and outdated privacy laws allow the government to monitor us like never before.With more and more of our lives moving online, these intrusions have devastating implications for our right to privacy.