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This is my learning diary, a little space where I can share anything I want.
Let's begin with a presentantion of our school Bruno Touschek.

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2°B Dipic Presents: "Touschek, Our School"

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This is a short presentation of our school Bruno Touschek. Made by 2°BD

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In september, our class went to England, that's a video about this amazing esperience. C'mon, WATCH IT!

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Progetto Il Touschek oltre la Manica 2016

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Soggiorno in college delle classi di liceo internazionale per consolidamento della conoscenza dela lingua inglese

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Science

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In anatomia il sistema endocrino o ormonale è un sistema che comprende l'insieme di ghiandole e cellule (dette ghiandole endocrine e cellule endocrine) le quali secernono nel sangue delle sostanze proteiche o lipidiche dette ormoni. Il sistema endocrino gestisce il funzionamento dell'organismo umano o animale in collaborazione con il sistema nervoso.

Gli ormoni vengono emessi dal citoplasma delle cellule, dove sono contenuti in granuli o vescicole, e riversati direttamente nel tessuto circostante e/o nel torrente circolatorio, da dove raggiungono successivamente gli organi bersaglio dove esplicano la loro specifica azione. Ogni ormone raggiunge attraverso il sangue tutti i punti dell'organismo, ma ha poi azione solo sulle cellule dotate di opportuni recettori. Ad esempio l'ormone insulina rilasciato dalle ghiandole endocrine del pancreas agisce su recettori cellulari che determinano l'apertura di canali appositi per l'assorbimento del glucosio, fondamentale nutriente da cui le cellule ricavano energia, determinando un abbassamento della glicemia. Un singolo ormone può espletare il suo compito in più sedi e compiti diversi in sedi differenti, persino compiti opposti come è il caso, ad esempio, dell'adrenalina, che mentre aumenta il flusso sanguigno ai muscoli scheletrici lo riduce in corrispondenza del tratto gastrointestinale.
- Ipotalamo, ipofisi, tiroide, ghiandola pineale
- Sistema digerente, rene, surrene
- Testicolo; Ovaio, placenta, utero
- Tessuto adiposo, cuore, osso
- Cute; paratiroidi

Per il sistema endocrino non si può parlare di continuità anatomica, ma di continuità funzionale: se ad esempio il sistema nervoso si dirama in ogni punto dell'organismo, ma funziona solo fintanto che le informazioni possono essere condotte di neurone in neurone al sistema nervoso centrale, gli organi endocrini sono invece localizzati in sedi distanti dal punto in cui servono gli ormoni prodotti. Il funzionamento del sistema endocrino è caratterizzato da una complessa regolazione volta a rispondere perfettamente alle esigenze dell'organismo.
La produzione e liberazione di ogni ormone dipende da fattori stimolanti o inibenti, in alcuni casi rappresentati dalla stessa azione che si vuole produrre: tornando all'esempio dell'insulina, questa viene prodotta e secreta nel sangue in quantità proporzionale al valore della glicemia, realizzando la sua funzione ipoglicemizzante con un meccanismo, molto utilizzato nell'organismo, che prende il nome di feedback; in altri casi vi è un controllo attraverso il sistema nervoso periferico come avviene per la liberazione di adrenalina da parte delle ghiandole surrenali che è stimolata da un impulso nervoso di tipo simpatico; in altri casi sono gli ormoni stessi a fungere da fattori di stimolo o di inibizione, come è il caso di molti ormoni ipofisari che hanno come organo bersaglio altre ghiandole o cellule endocrine.
L'attività degli ormoni può essere:
- endocrina: gli ormoni vengono rilasciati nel torrente circolatorio per raggiungere bersagli lontani;
- paracrina: gli ormoni sono rilasciati direttamente nell'organo o nel tessuto e hanno funzione sulle cellule vicine;
- autocrina: gli ormoni rilasciati hanno azione sulle stesse cellule che li hanno prodotti e rilasciati (ciò permette di regolare finemente la produzione ormonale con il meccanismo di feedback).
Spesso si ha una situazione di azione ormonale mista (ad esempio autocrina + paracrina).
L'assenza di ormoni determina importanti patologie:
- diabete dovuto all'assenza di insulina;
- ipotiroidismo per assenza degli ormoni tiroidei (T3 e T4).
Così come anche l'eccesso:
- ipertiroidismo;
- iperparatiroidismo (per eccesso di paratormone, ormone prodotto dalle paratiroidi).
Il trattamento delle patologie ormonali è a carico dell'endocrinologo ma non solo, anche altre figure mediche possono esserne interessate, come il gastroenterologo e l'oncologo (in caso di tumori endocrini).
Fanno parte del sistema endocrino l'ipofisi, la tiroide, le paratiroidi, le ghiandole surrenali, il pancreas, l'epifisi. Hanno inoltre funzione endocrina anche altri organi: le ovaie e i testicoli, il miocardio, il rene, il timo, la placenta, il fegato, la pelle. Un esempio di cellule endocrine non appartenenti a un sistema ghiandolare è il sistema APUD, costituito da innumerevoli cellule localizzate in tutto il sistema digerente (è stato calcolato che se fossero localizzate in un organo esso avrebbe all'incirca le dimensioni di un'arancia) i cui ormoni mediano funzioni quali l'acidità gastrica, la motilità, lo svuotamento della colecisti. Altre cellule endocrine si trovano nei polmoni dove regolano le secrezioni; se ne trovano anche nella prostata e in altri organi che non sono endocrini.
Recentemente si è cominciato a parlare di sistema neuroendocrino, intendendo la stretta relazione tra ormoni e cellule nervose, le quali infatti grazie alle terminazioni nervose sono in grado di determinare la liberazione di ormoni, come accade ad esempio nella zona midollare del surrene con la liberazione di adrenalina e noradrenalina.
Il sistema nervoso e quello endocrino regolano anche la funzione sessuale.
Il nostro organismo è programmato per rispondere ad ogni tipologia di stimolo, in modo tale da saper affrontare ogni genere di situazione. Rispetto al sistema nervoso, il sistema endocrino, esercita reazioni più lente e durature; questo sistema è in grado di compiere il proprio dovere grazie agli ormoni, questi sono molecole (generalmente proteine), che vengono rilasciati nel sangue che attraverso al sistema circolatorio giungono all'organo bersaglio, l'organo con cui gli ormoni devono unirsi in modo da rallentare o stimolare un'attività. Il sistema endocrino è composto da delle ghiandole endocrine sparse in tutto il corpo e ricoperte da tessuto epiteliale.
Tra tutte la più importante è l'ipofisi(situata alla base del cervello) meno importanti sono l'epifisi, la tiroide, il pancreas, la paratiroide, il timo, le ghiandole surrenali e le gonadi (ovaie per le femmine e testicoli per i maschi). Perché il nostro metabolismo (cioè il funzionamento di base del corpo) funzioni a dovere la quantità di ormoni nel sangue dev'essere regolare, altrimenti si rischierebbe lo squilibrio ormonale, il quale può portare a malattie pericolose ed a tumori (es. diabete insipido); proprio per questo esistono gli ormoni antagonisti, cioè due tipi di ormoni che hanno il compito opposto ad un altro: come ad esempio l'insulina e il glucagone che regolano la quantità di glucosio nel sangue (l'insulina fa diminuire il glucosio e il glucagone lo fa aumentare); oppure come la calcitonina e il paratormone, i quali regolano la quantità di calcio nelle ossa (la caltcitonina fa diminuire il paratormone fa aumentare).

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In anatomia il sistema endocrino o ormonale è un sistema che comprende l'insieme di ghiandole e cellule (dette ghiandole endocrine e cellule endocrine) le quali secernono nel sangue delle sostanze proteiche o lipidiche dette ormoni. Il sistema endocrino gestisce il funzionamento dell'organismo umano o animale in collaborazione con il sistema nervoso.

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Cyberbulling is a huge problem that concerns some guys like us. Check this video out!

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Collaborative video class 1 B DIPIC 2016. Liceo scientifico Bruno Touschek. Grottaferrata International class

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During this schoool year we've read some books for an amazing project called "READ ON"
If you want to learn more about it, click on that link

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Dr Jeckyll and Mr Hyde - ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON 

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Dr Jeckyll and Mr Hyde - ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON 

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The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a mystery novel written by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1886 and it takes place down the streets of London. At the book's opening, two men, Mr. Utterson and his cousin Mr. Richard Enfield, are leisurely walking through London. Initially silent, the men pass a mysterious basement cellar door, and Mr. Enfield launches into a story about a strange occurrence related to the door. Late one night, while on his way home, Enfield chanced upon a deformed, short man who trampled a girl in the street on her way to fetch a doctor. The girl's family and Mr. Enfield catch the mysterious man and instead of getting the police, decide to force him to give the girl's family money. Agreeable to this compromise, the mysterious man disappears into the cellar door and returns with a check bearing not his own name, but that of the respectable Dr. Jekyll. Although Enfield assumed the check would be a forgery, it proves to be legitimate. After hearing the story, Utterson returns to his home where he removes his friend and client Dr. Henry Jekyll's mysterious will, which Jekyll recently filed. The will states that in case of Dr. Jekyll's death, his substantial estate will pass to Mr. Edward Hyde, whom Utterson has never met and whom he assumes is the mysterious man in Enfield's story. Even stranger, the will states that in case of Jekyll's disappearance for more than three months, Hyde will assume Jekyll's estate without delay. Utterson also realizes that the mysterious door is connected, in an L shaped way, to Jekyll's home. Utterson concludes that Hyde is blackmailing Jekyll and resolves to seek the man out to understand why. After tracking the man down, Hyde is initially civil but turns angry when Utterson extends the conversation, probing into his relationship with Dr. Jekyll. One year later, Edward Hyde brutally murders Sir Danvers Carew by beating him to death with a cane. With help from Utterson, the police find Hyde's apartment ransacked and all papers burned. After leaving, Utterson proceeds to Jekyll's and confronts him for harboring a murder. Jekyll claims that he is done with Hyde forever and that their relationship is terminated. Jekyll does, however, have a farewell note from Hyde. Utterson examines the note and his clerk, Mr. Guest, later discovers that the handwriting, although slightly altered, matches a dinner invitation written by Dr. Jekyll. Angrily, Utterson assumes that Jekyll has forged a letter for a murderer. More time passes, and we learn that although Hyde has not been located, Dr. Jekyll has become increasingly social, returning to his pre-Hyde days of friendly meetings and intellectual gatherings. One day, Utterson attends a dinner party at Jekyll's home and sees Dr. Lanyon there. Shortly thereafter, Jekyll secludes himself and Dr. Lanyon falls severely ill due to "shock" and dies. After his death, Dr. Lanyon leaves Utterson a letter instructing him only to read it after Dr. Jekyll's death or disappearance. Some time after these mysterious events, Enfield and Utterson again walk by the mysterious door and get a rare glimpse at Dr. Jekyll, who is sitting by a window in the apartment. The men have a brief conversation, but Jekyll abruptly shuts the window as he begins to suffer what appears to be a seizure. Enfield and Utterson are struck by the disturbing appearance of Jekyll's face as he withdraws from view. About a week later, Richard Poole, Jekyll's faithful butler, approaches Utterson. Poole reports that Jekyll has locked himself in his cabinet and strange sounds, including crying and pacing are all that have been emanating from the room. The only communication that Poole has received from Jekyll consists of letters desperately asking for a specific type of medicine. Utterson agrees to assist and follows Poole to Jekyll's house. The two men break down the door to the room where Jekyll has hidden himself. They find Hyde's dead body and assume he committed suicide immediately before they entered the room. They ransack the area looking for Jekyll's body or evidence of his death, but are unsuccessful. In the laboratory, the men discover a large envelope addressed to Mr. Utterson. Inside, Jekyll urges Utterson to read the package from Lanyon and if he wishes to know more, read the further description Jekyll provides within the envelope. Utterson reads Lanyon's narrative. The letter begins with a description of a strange letter Lanyon received from Henry Jekyll, the night after a dinner party at Jekyll's residence. The letter urges Lanyon to go to Jekyll's house and fetch a certain drawer with specific contents from the laboratory. Afterwards, a messenger will come to Lanyon's house in Jekyll's stead to recover these items, which include powder, a phial, and a paper book. Lanyon follows the instructions thinking that Jekyll has lost his mind. Mr. Hyde appears at the specified time, looking particularly strange, dressed in clothes far too large for him. Lanyon gives Hyde the ingredients. Hyde then asks Lanyon whether or not he would like to see the end result of his errand. Lanyon is curious and agrees. Hyde mixes the ingredients into a potion, drinks it, and transforms into Dr. Jekyll as an astounded Lanyon observes. Lanyon is deeply affected by this shock and the pure evilness of Jekyll, brings on his subsequent illness and death. After reading Dr. Lanyon's account, Utterson reads Jekyll's own description of his failed experiment. Jekyll believed that the soul is made up of two separate distinctions: good and evil. These two separate beings live in continuous and inherent conflict with each other. Slowly, Jekyll begins an experiment where he attempts to completely differentiate these two aspects of human nature. Jekyll experiments extensively and then makes two potions. One transforms him into Edward Hyde, and the second transforms him back into Henry Jekyll. This amazingly successful experiment begins Jekyll's extensive exploration of his other self, a man entirely comfortably in morally corrupt behavior, whom he eventually names Edward Hyde. For some months, this behavior continues until Jekyll, "had gone to bed Henry Jekyll, had awakened Edward Hyde." Jekyll was alarmed that he transformed into Edward Hyde without the assistance of the potion, and became concerned that the character of Hyde might irrevocably take over. Concerned that he had overstepped his bounds, Jekyll chose to give up the freedom of Hyde and for two months maintained the identity of Dr. Jekyll. Unfortunately, he was tortured with Hyde's longing to freely take part in evil doings, and he once again took the potion. During this transformation, Hyde brutally murdered Carew. Because of the manhunt for Hyde, Jekyll swore off ever again making the transformation and set out to try to remedy the evil inside of him. Unfortunately, at this point Jekyll had given too much power to his evil side. Hyde was an irrevocable part of Jekyll's character, and the many transformations and evil behaviors only strengthened Hyde's power. One night, while contemplating Hyde's deeds, Jekyll spontaneously transformed into Edward Hyde. Because his dual identity was a secret to all members in his house, he realized he could not walk through his house to the laboratory to retrieve the potion's ingredients. Therefore, he sent the urgent letter to Dr. Lanyon. After successfully turning back into Dr. Jekyll, he went home once again but every time he fell asleep, he reverted to Mr. Hyde. Soon, his potions failed to work, even at double strength, and he ran out of the specific medicine needed. While living in the cabinet apartment and not allowing any of his servants to see him, Hyde launches a desperate but unsuccessful search across London for the potion ingredients. When Poole and Utterson finally break into the room, Hyde kills himself, thus finally releasing both Jekyll and Hyde.

I absolutely loved this book, at a tipping point between mystery and immagination, it was a fascinating story about Utterson's curiosity and Jeckyll secrets. All of us have two completely different personality, ego and alter ego, the good one and the bad, the one we can control and the one we don't.

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The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde - Tackk

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The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a mystery novel written by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1886 and it takes place down the streets of London. At the book's opening, two men, Mr. Utterson and his cousin Mr. Richard Enfield, are leisurely walking through London.

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One of the books that I've read during these Christmas holydays was Wuthering Heights, the only novel written by Emily Bronte. The story takes place in Yorkshire, after the half of 1700 and the beginning of 1800.

"The wind is strong on the Yorkshire moors, there are a few trees, and fewer houses, to block its path. There is one house, however, that does not hide from the wind, the house is called Wuthering Heights." Heathcliff, the owner of this house and his servants live here, and they're not ordinary people. When Mr Lockwood, a rich city squire came to visit Thrushcross Grange, an other property of Heathcliff to rent it, he didn't receive a warm reception and when he was leaving, a storm began, so he had to spend the night at Wuthering, during which strange ghosts' appearances disturbed Lockwood's sleep. The days after he fell sick, and during this time the Thrushcross' housekeeper, Ellen Dean, told him the troubled story of the Earnshaws and Lintons. All the troubles began when Mr Earnshaws, Catherine and Hindley's father, took home the orphan Heathcliff, which was loved by Catherine and hated by Hindley. After the birth of Hareton, the son of Hindley and his wife Frances, Heathcliff and Catherine were not allowed to see each other again, so Catherine married Edgar Linton, despite of her love for Heathcliff. This last decided to leave and after a while he returned from London with a lot of money, and he married Isabel, Edgar's sister, and abused her to get his revenge on him. Catherine died after she had given birth to Cathy and confessed her love to Heathcliff. Soon also Isabel had her baby, Linton. Hindley was forced to give his residence to settle his debt, because he spent all his money gambling, so now Heathcliff owned Wuthering, and after Edgar's death, also Thrushcross Grange. He died after a while, buried next to Catherine, the only person he loved in his life.

I liked the plot, Wuthering Heights it's a story full of secrets hidden and deep lovers, revenge and jealousy, it's intriguing but at the same time melancholy.

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One of the books that I've read during these Christmas holydays was Wuthering Heights, the only novel written by Emily Bronte. The story takes place in Yorkshire, after the half of 1700 and the beginning of 1800. "The wind is strong on the...

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This book is a thriller written by the English Tim Vicary. It talks about John Duncan, he's a biologist, at the beginning of the story he gets a job with a paint company. His job is to ensure that the chemicals used in the company are safe. John is a widower, and he lives with his two children, thirteen-years-old Andrew and sixteen-years-old Christine. For two years he has been unemployed, and getting this job makes a big difference to both him and his children. The family move into an house by the river, near the factory, they buy a boat whit which they can go out and look at the seals on the sandbank near the mouth of the river. But John discovers that some of the chemicals from the factory are polluting the water, they also can cause deformities in baby rats and perhaps in people, in fact when a product falls on his leg, he has to go to the doctor. He points this out to the company, but it would be too expensive to stop the pollution. John has a choice: either he tells the newspapers about his discovery and loses his jo, or he keeps quiet and keeps his job. He chooses the second possibility. After some years the pollution starts to cause problems, and these problems are published in articles in the local newspaper, written by Simon, a journalist engaged to John's daughter, Christine. It is not enough for John to keep quiet, now he has to start telling lies, to say that there is no pollution problems. Christine and Simon become involved in a campaign against the factory, and one day, demonstrating from a small boat in the river, Christine, who is pregnant, falls in the water, and is nearly drowned. At a public inquiry into the pollution, John is forced to admit that there is a serious problem, and the paint factory is the responsible. Now the baby is at risk. John at the end looses his job and Christine will no longer speak to him.

With this book, Tim Vicary want to speak about the pollution and the problems that it can cause. Secondly, when he says that John has been unemployed for a long time and he was "forced" to get this job to help his children, means that sometimes we had to to things we would not like to do. A mysterious story full of twists and turns.

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This book is a thriller written by the English Tim Vicary. It talks about John Duncan, he's a biologist, at the beginning of the story he gets a job with a paint company. His job is to ensure that the chemicals used in the company are safe. John...

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1° book: Hamlet               WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

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1° book: Hamlet               WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

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To be or not to be: that is the question...