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Parts of the world where foods and sweets are available at, there is a rule if it is served you have to eat it.

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Hormones:
influence your feelings of hunger
- Insulin: controls blood glucose levels, sent by pancreas
- Ghrelin: "i'm hungry signals, sent by empty stomach
- Orexin: hunger-trigger, sent by hypothalamus
- Leptin: decreases hunger, sent by fat cells
- PYY: "'i'm not hungry" message, sent by digestive tract

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the brain and hunger/body interact with each other and form something like a "weight thermostat" which signals the body to restore weight when the we fall below our normal weight. either the brain will give the body an increase in hunger or lower the metabolism rate to get the weight level back up. Humans tend to have a stable weight or a set point for the body. Help the body maintain homeostasis.

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body chemistry and environmental factors together influence not only when you are hungry, but also what food your crave. When you are depressed you crave starchy carbs. sweets have a calming effect.
- part of our decision to eat is our memory.
-our preferences for sweet and salty tastes are genetic and universal

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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)-
BMR is the minimum amount of calories required for basic functions at rest. BMR is also the amount of calories needed to maintain steady body weight
For Teenagers- metabolism is fast, but as you age it slows down.

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Taste Preferences
When we are sad we crave foods that are starchy such as sweets or chips. These foods give us a serotonin spike. which is why the body craves them.

When a food makes someone sick, they are more likely to no longer like that food because of the memory and experience attached to it. (called food aversion)

This also has a biological factor because taste preferences can be influenced by ancestors. For example, people from Northern European countries are more likely to have lactose tolerance unlike asian countries where lactose tolerance is not prevalent. This ties back into cultural because the style of food of our ancestors can influence the food we eat today.

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Hypothalamus: This area in the brain performs various body maintenance such as controlling hunger. It responds to our current blood chemistry and incoming neural information about the state of the body. It monitors level the hormones (Insulin, Leptin, Orexin and PPY)

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) provides the signals that tell you when to eat.  If it were damaged or removed, one would not eat and one would starve to death.

*Large hunger*

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) tells you when to stop eating. If it were damaged or removed, one would eat oneself to death.

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Blood Sugar --> glucose is a major source of energy for the body. It is what carbohydrates turn into after we eat them. When the level of glucose in your bloodstream drops, your brain, which is keeping tabs on your blood sugar, will signal you to eat. This causes you to feel hungry.

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Situational-
situations affect the amount and what we eat which is called the ecology of eating.

Situations -
1. We tend to eat more when we're with other people
2. When we're offered more food variety we tend to eat more rather than eating from one portion or selection of food.
3. When you're given more amounts of food, you are more likely to eat more. If you're given a big plate then you are gonna eat more, whereas a small plate you would eat less.
Study was shown that even nutrition experts helped themselves 31% more ice cream when given a big bowl rather than a small one, and 15 percent more when scooping with a big rather than a small scoop (so portion size matters)

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Obesity: Genetic
1. People's weights closely resemble their BIOLOGICAL parents.
2. Adoptive siblings weights do not correlate despite shared family meals. Adoptive children's weights more closely resemble their biological parents, not their adoptive parents.
3. Identical twins have similar weights, even when they are raised apart (correlation of +.74). Lower correlation between fraternal twins' weights (+.32).
4. Genes determine why individuals are heavier or lighter than others TODAY (vs. environmental, which determines why individuals are heavier today than they were decades ago).
Genetic predisposition

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Obesity: set point / metabolism
Once we become fat, we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to gain it, proving it is easier to remain obese. When you get older, your metabolic rate slows down so when a person's weight drops, their hunger increases and their metabolism decreases. Further, the body learns to starve itself by burning off fewer calories.

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Obesity: Social-Cultural
1) People who tend to have sleep problems are more likely to gain weight due to the fact that their leptin levels decline and their ghrelin levels increase.
2) Friends also influence the way we eat food or maintain our bodies appearances and weight. If a good friend begins to eat more and gain weight, their close friend might start doing the same. Friends do influence more than we think.

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For your assigned topic, please read about the factor that influences eating or obesity.  Summarize the information in a post.  Please include your names in the title as well as what your assigned card says.  You will informally present the information to the class. Here is a link to the textbook pages: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hI_w8FLgK2-cukUZxPBDR8834JAn-h25/view?ts=5d80ea0f.
During the presentations, you will fill in your packet.

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When feeling tense or depressed, we tend to crave starchy, carbs.

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When someone’s stomach is empty, they undergo an uncomfortable, natural sensation which makes the person crave food, or gives them a desire to eat. This can be negative depending on how much the person usually consumes.

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This has been a growing problem  and they have found that 1 billion people in the world is obese. Obesity is calculated by BMI (body mass index). You are considered obese if your BMI is 30 or more. There are many effect of obesity such as the risk of diabetes, high blood sugar, heart disease, etc. Obesity challenges the stereotype of overweight people.