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Ferdinand Magellan famously completes the first circumnavigation of the globe.

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At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ends. Germany signed an armistice agreement with the Allies.

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The Germans sign a peace treaty with the new Bolshevik government of Russia. The terms of the treaty give Germany huge tracts of land that had been the Ukraine and Poland, and peace on the Eastern Front allows Germany to shift soldiers to the Western Front, causing serious problems for the French, British, and Americans.

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Congress passes the Selective Service Act authorizing the draft. Although criticized for destroying democracy at home while fighting for it abroad, President Wilson claims he sees no other option and signs the bill into law.

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Congress authorizes a declaration of war against Germany. The United States enters World War I on the side of France and Britain.

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British intelligence gives Wilson the so-called Zimmermann Telegram, a message from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann proposing that Mexico side with Germany in case of war between Germany and the United States. In return, Germany promises to return to Mexico the "lost provinces" of Texas and much of the rest of the American Southwest. Mexico declines the offer, but the outrage at this interference in the Western Hemisphere pushes American public opinion to support entering the war.

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A German submarine sinks the passenger liner Lusitania. The ship carries 1,198 people, 128 of them Americans.

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Germany invades Belgium, beginning World War I.

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated in Sarajevo. His death is the event that sparks World War I.

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10,000 people die in three months in London from Cholera epidemic.

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James Watt patented his revision of the steam engine, featuring a separate condenser.

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Thomas Newcomen invented the first productive steam engine.

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British East India Company received charter from Queen Elizabeth I

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King Henry VII sent John Cabot exploring. He staked British claims to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New England

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Seven Years War(French and Indian War in the US) involved most of Europe, North America and India.

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War of Austrian Succession was a  war that fought over Silesia.

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Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI died and left his lands to his daughter, Maria Theresa.

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Peter I became czar

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Michael Romanov was elected czar.

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The Habsburg King of Spain died.

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Dissolved the Edict of Nantes, which ended France’s policy of religious tolerance.

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Louis XIV became King of France and ruled for 72 years. He was known as Le Roi Soleil.

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The people asked for peace and Richelieu took away their ability to have fortified cities.

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Richelieu attacked Huguenot towns

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China hosted the Olympics

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The Thirty Years’ War began as a Protestant Rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire and spread into a war involving all of the major European powers.

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Louis XIII took full control of the government.

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A fanatic killed Henry IV.

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Henry IV became king of France.

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Pizarro claimed land from Ecuador to Chile for Spain.

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Cortes invaded Mexico, conquering the Aztecs.

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Ponce de Leon discovered Florida.

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Spain overtook Portugal.

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Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and found the Indian Ocean.

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Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuits.

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The Counter Reformation began which is the Catholic Churches attempt to reform.

There were 3 goals of the Counter Reformation

Returning to spiritual matters

Making doctrines more clear
Stopping Protestantism

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The emperor and the princes signed the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed each German ruler to choose the religion for his state.

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Pope Leo X declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him

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Martin Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral

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Johannes Gutenberg  created a printing press with moveable type.

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2 teachers at the University of Paris wrote Defender of the Faith which said that the pope only had power over the church

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Council of Constance removed the Italian and French popes, a third abdicated and a new pope was elected.

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Gregory XI moved the papacy back to Rome.

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Pope Boniface VIII refused and King Philip IV of France decreed that the pope had power over worldly rulers

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King Philip IV of France ordered the French clergy to pay taxes.

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Maximilian I became Holy Roman Emperor and followed family tradition

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The ruler of a small state in Switzerland was elected emperor.

The weak Habsburg emperor used his title to arrange marriages with powerful families and used careful strategies to gradually conquer lands, thus gaining more power.

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Emperor Charles IV, trying to regain power, changed the rules so that only 7 people elected each new emperor.

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Ferdinand and Isabella added Navarre in 1515.

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Ferdinand and Isabella captured Granada.

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Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain with their marriage.

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Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster defeated Richard III of York.

To stop future trouble with the House of York, Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward, sister of the Princes in the Tower.

Therefore any of his issue could claim the throne for both York and Lancaster.

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The princes were dug up again and examined in 1933.  At that point it was determined that one child was 11-13 and the other was 7-11, but gender was not specified, nor was any DNA testing attempted.

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During renovations in the White Tower the skeletons of 2 children were discovered. The king ordered them buried in Westminster.

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Parliament declared the Prince Richard and Edward illegitimate. They were placed in the Tower of London.

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The House of York challenged the House of Lancaster for the throne of England.

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In May, Joan was captured while covering a retreat. She was put on trial for heresy and wearing mens clothes. She was found guilty and burned at the stake.

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1429 Joan convinced a garrison commander to allow her an escort to visit the Dauphin’s court in Chinon. Joan of Arc was allowed to travel with the army.

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The Hundred Years’ War was a series of conflicts between France and England lasting for 116 years.

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The Bubonic Plague swept through Europe killing millions. The nursery rhyme, Ring Around the Rosie was about people who got the plague.

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collapse of the Roman Empire

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The Crusades ended with the Muslim capture of Acre.

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The Children's Crusade is not actually a crusade because the Pope never asked for it. A lot of the kids were sold into slavery or died on their journey. It's important because it was one of the first child movements.

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2nd Crusade- led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany; epic failure

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The strongest medieval pope was Innocent III who was the pope during this 1198-1216. Innocent believed that kings and emperors were only servants of the church and he had the authority to settle all problems. He involved himself in disputes all over Europe, freely wielding the power of excommunication to resolve disputes.

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Frederick I ruled Germany in this time. He attempted to overtake 4 independent cities in Northern Italy because they were wealthy trade centers.The 4 cities joined together to form the Lombard League and fight against Frederick. The pope also joined them.

In the peace settlement, the cities agreed to recognize Frederick as their overlord, but he agreed to allow them to govern themselves

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Both Henry and the pope met in the city of Worms. The Concordat of Worms ended the controversy, allowed the emperor to give fiefs to bishops, but only the pope could name the bishops. The Concordat of Worms ended that disagreement, but emperors continued to interfere in Italian politics and popes continued to interfere in German politics.

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Henry IV traveled through the harsh winter weather to meet with Gregory at Canossa (mountains of Northern Italy). When Henry arrived, the Pope made him wait for 3 days out in the cold. Henry then apologized and begged for mercy.Gregory forgave him and Henry went back to fight his nobles.

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Henry III thought that the church was part of his imperial power.

He thought that the church should be controlled by the emperor. He removed 3 popes he didn't like and elected a German pope. He then proceeded to pick the next 3 popes.

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When Otto defeated the nobles, the Pope rewarded him by crowning him Emperor of the Romans.

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Pope John XII asked for his help in fighting against the Roman nobles.

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The feudal lords of Germany elected Otto I as their king.

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The last Carolingian King died in 987.

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A group of barons rebelled against King John.

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Danish kings died out and Anglo-Saxons chose Edward the Confessor as their king

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Saint Dominic founded the order of the Dominicans.

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Saint Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscans.

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Treaty of Verdun ended a 3 year civil war and divided the empire.

Lothair received the Middle Kingdom.

Charles the Bald received the Western Kingdom.

Louis the German received the Eastern Kingdom.

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Charlemagne became king in 768 and ruled for 46 years.

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Clovis became king of a Germanic tribe.

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The US officially recognized China as China, not Taiwan as China.

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President Nixon visited China.

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Mao announced another 5 year plan.  This one was called the Great Leap Forward.

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Communist government implements the 5 Year Plan.

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The Communists finally defeated the Nationalists

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Chiang used the military to try and eliminate communism for good.

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Executions of communists ended the alliance between the two parties, but didn’t end communism in China.

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In July, the Chinese Communist Party was founded.

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May 4, 1919 students from 13 universities met and agreed on 5 resolutions

1.  opposed giving Chinese land to Japan

2.  make the Chinese aware of what was happening in Paris and how dangerous that was for China

3.  recommended a large gathering in Peking (Beijing)

4.  create a student union in Peking (Beijing)

5.  hold a demonstration in protest of the Versailles Treaty

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To eliminate the threat of communism Chiang expelled all of the Soviet advisors and arrested and killed large numbers of Chinese communists.

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Sun Yixian died in 1925 and a military commander, Chiang Kai-Shek, took over leadership of the Nationalists.

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Sun Yixian led revolts in China. In Feb. of 1912 the emperor abdicated.

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Hundred Days Reform is attempted to make China more modern. The emperor attempting this is overthrown by his aunt.

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The Taiping Rebellion occurred at this time. The causes were an attempt to start a new dynasty that would rid China of Europeans and an attempt to get rid of Christianity in China. The results were that the Qing Dynasty was weakened and made China weaker to allow more Europeans to enter.

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China loses another war to Britain. Britain got more land and power over the Chinese.

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The Opium War was between the British and Chinese over tea and opium. The Chinese lost. The treaty of Nanjing was put into place.

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China allow a trading post.

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The Portuguese reach China.

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The Manchu conquered Beijing and ruled China. This is known as the Qing Dynasty. The Chinese began to study Philosophy.

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The Ming Dynasty defeat the Mongols and get rid of their influence. The Ming made the official religion Confucianism. Beijing became the capital.