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A Venetian adventurer who traveled from Europe to Asia in the thirteenth century. The accounts made in his book and the vast treasures that he brought with him upon his return sparked great interest in Asian trade and travel throughout Europe, and were a great example for future explorers.

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Established 21 missions in California, drastically strengthening the Catholic church in the West and the power of the Spanish in California. His missions led to the conversion of many natives, thus saving them from slaughter by the
Spanish.

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Spanish explorer who helped battle the Aztecs and secured a fortune in the Guatemalan slave trade before exploring California and marking several landmarks along the way, though he died before finding anything significant.

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A French explorer in the New world who traveled down the Mississippi River and claimed the area that it fed into Louisiana, after the King of France. Robert de la Salle also tried to establish fur trades, but was killed after a mutiny by his own men.

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Spanish explorer who delved into the southwestern United states, including claiming New Mexico and searching Kansas for gold. Eventually charged for being a cruel governor.

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Italian explorer chartered by the king of France to travel west, and ended up exploring several areas along the eastern seaboard of North America.

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Italian explorer who sailed for England, and tried to reach northern Asia by sailing a more northerly route than Columbus, but instead ended up in Canada. This laid the groundwork for England to begin laying claim to land in Canada.

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Ruler of the Aztec Empire at the time when it was conquered by Hernán Cortés. Montezuma believed that Cortés was the god  Quetzalcóatl, and was terribly afraid of him, which led to his simplistic capture and defeat.

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Native Mexican woman who accompanied Hernán Cortés on several of his journeys and even to his meetings with Aztec leaders. She is viewed as both a traitor to her people and as a kind savior who eased the wrath of the Spanish, and she had a son by Hernán Cortés.

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Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs and built Mexico City on the ashes of Tenochtitlan. Hernán's actions led to the Spanish having a powerful foothold in the New World and were one of the first uses of the encomienda system

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Catholic priest who was deeply concerned with the treatment of the Indian peoples in the Spanish Americas, and petitioned the Crown several times to protect the rights of the natives. Bartolomé wanted to set up farms where white farmers and the natives would have equal rights, but faced heavy opposition by the colonists.

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Conquered the Incan Empire of Peru through treachery and deception, and secured Spain's foothold over South America by doing so.

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Spanish explorer who mapped much of the southern half of North America, and was the only source of information about native cultures before they encountered European influence. Soto attacked many of the natives, leading to long-lasting mistrust.

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Spanish conquistador who went searching for the Seven Golden Cities, and discovered several landmarks of North America, up to the Great Canyon, until he and his men were pushed back by the natives.

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A Spanish conquistador who established settlements in areas such as Haiti and the Dominican Republic, quelled native uprisings for the Spanish, discovered and claimed Florida for Spain, and became governor of Puerto Rico.

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The leader of the voyage that became the first to circumnavigate the globe. A Portuguese explorer who set off from Spain to find a western sea trade route to acquire spices, and while he died just before the journey's end his crew did make it back, thus proving that the world could be circumnavigated and that the world was much larger than was previously thought.

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Spanish conquistador who helped establish the first stable settlement on the South American continent made by Europeans. He discovered the Pacific Ocean, and claimed that all of its shores were property of Spain.

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Italian explorer who made four trips across the Atlantic on behalf of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, inadvertently discovering the Americas for Europe. This event not only began the colonization of the Americas but also the Columbian Exchange, which caused massive ripple effects towards the ecology of the planet.

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Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile

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Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile

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Joint monarchs of Spain who funded Christopher Columbus's expedition to the Americas (though they believed it would be a voyage to find a path to East Asia), granting him three ships and promising him 10% of whatever profits were gained.

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Sailed for Portugal and became the first person to sail from Europe to India and then back again, thus establishing a sea trade route.

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Was the first European to sail round the southern tip of Africa and prove that it was feasible to sail from Europe to the Indian Ocean, which prompted Christopher Columbus to find a new nation to fund his own expedition.

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Several groups of Viking warriors traveled to North America and established settlements in the Canadian Arctic, but all the settlements dissipated because the Vikings either left, were killed by Indians, or were purged by the Little ice Age.

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The chief of the Onondaga who advocated for peace with the Europeans, and is credited for the establishment of the Iroquois Confederacy.

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Cahokia was the largest and most intricate settlement in the Mississippi area during the Pre-Columbian era.

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Indian tribes of Midwest North America who from about 100 B.C. to 1700 A.D. built large conical mounds across the land, largely for religious purposes and ceremonies such as funerals and the burying of objects.

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Various ethnic groups of central Mexico who dominated Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th century, eventually wiped out by Hernan Cortez. They achieved great accomplishments without the wheel, and were quite barbaric towards their foes and with their sacrifices.