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Description:

Obesity relates to having excess body weight in the form of fat that can be harmful to health. In adults, obesity is measured using waist circumference or the body mass index. A waist circumference of over 89cm for females and 102cm for males is classified as obese and increases the risk of health concerns like cardiovascular disease.

Determinants

Biological:

Age can act as a risk factor for obesity. As metabolism slows down with age, it can become more difficult to maintain weight and  can be harmful to the physical health of adults as they lose the ability to participate in physical activities.

Behavioural:

Poor dietary choices can act as a risk factor for obesity. If an adult is not consuming the right amount of nutrients they may not have the required energy levels to participate in physical activity which may lead to obesity.

Social:

Education can act as a protective factor into obesity. Learning the benefits and the correct nutritional value of food can positively lead into living a healthier lifestyle and aid in the prevention of obesity.

Physical environment:

Access to recreation facilities can act as a risk factor for obesity. If adults do not have the access to facilities that provide things like cycling and walking spots they may not have opportunities for maintain a healthy lifestyle. This can increase the risk of obesity.

Personal Strategies:

·        Limiting unhealthy foods and beverages like soft drink and fattening foods.

·        Increasing physical activity

·        Improving sleep and reducing stress

Government:

The Australian Dietary Guidelines are to assist adults in consuming a healthy diet and reduce the risk of the burden of disease associated with cardiovascular disease, obesity, some cancer and type 2 diabetes.

They include information relating to food choices and serve numbers that should be consumed daily that aid in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle free from obesity. An example of a guideline is “to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs.

Community:

The heart foundation tick is a community strategy that aims to reduce the number and prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Food companies apply the tick logo on their food products if they can show that their item is a heathier alternative than other similar items making it easier for people to choose healthier options. This can lead to adults being able to improve their physical health as they are able to maintain a healthy body weight and make adults be able to consume a balanced food intake.

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Description:
Cancer is a disease characterised by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. If abnormal cells are created, they are usually destroyed by the immune system. In some cases the immune system cannot kill them and as a result, they may grow and divide and form a cluster of abnormal cells called a tumour.

Determinants:

Biological: Genetic predisposition
Some people are more likely to develop cancer than others. The genetic influence seems to be particularly important for certain cancers, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer.

Behavioural: Tobacco smoking
Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals and many of these have been shown to cause cancer. Tobacco smoking can contribute to cancer in almost all parts of the body especially the lung, mouth and oesophagus.

Physical environment: Workplace safety
Individuals who spend prolonged time outdoors as a part of their jobs may have increased exposure to UV radiation  and an increased risk of skin cancer.

Social: Income
People with low incomes may not be able to afford nutritious foods and may rely on processed foods that are high in fat. This can increase body weight and the risk of developing breast and colorectal cancer.

Government strategy: BreastScreen Australia
BreastScreen Australia is a free mammography service jointly funded by the federal and state governments. It offers free mammographs for women aged 50-74. That can assist in the early detection of breast cancer which improves the survival rates of those suffering from breast cancer and has improved the health of thousands of adult females in Australia.

Community strategy: The heart Foundation Tick
Is a program that aims to assist consumers in purchasing healthier food products that may assist in maintaining a healthy weight and reducing the risk of getting overweight. Not being overweight reduces the risk of developing breast and colorectal cancer.

Personal strategy: Using sun protection
Using sunscreen and covering exposed skin can reduce the risk of developing skin cancer.

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Description:

Mental illness is the name given to conditions affecting how a person perceives  the world around them. These include depression and anxiety disorders such as general anxiety, OCD, PTSD, phobias, and panic disorders. These can all seriously impact on the health and development of all individuals, but especially adults, as 13% of all adults in Australia have a mental illness.

Determinants:

Biological- There is a proven correlation between body weight and mental illness. Being over or underweight can negatively affect an individual’s self- concept, and cause depression or anxiety because the individual dislikes how they look. So body weight can be a risk factor for mental illness.

Behavioural- Physical activity acts as a protective factor against mental illness because of the positive effect it has on individual’s self concept and self esteem. Physical activity releases endorphins into the body which create feelings of achievement and release stress. This can mean that people who exercise will feel better about themselves and have a decreased risk of developing mental illnesses.

Physical Environment- Living in an unsafe neighbourhood can promote feelings of anxiety, which can lead to general anxiety disorder or phobias. Because individuals don’t feel safe in their own neighbourhood or house, they can begin to irrationally fear for their safety and their possessions. Therefore neighbourhood safety can be a risk factor for mental illness.

Social- Being abused or neglected as a child can cause a whole host of mental illnesses. Because of a child’s experiences with violent or emotionally abusive or neglective parents can cause depression from a young age, as well as a phobia of males or parental figures for example, or the development of PTSD or obsessive compulsive disorder (stemming from the strict adherence to behaviour patterns that the child had learnt to follow in order to avoid abuse).

Strategies:

Government- BeyondBlue is a nationwide program that provides support and counselling for those living with mental illness. Their aim is to raise awareness of the effects of mental illness and provide people who are trained to help individuals and their families.

Community: South West Healthcare is a healthcare operative that works within the south west of Victoria, and has a mental health campus in Hamilton. Their aim is to provide high quality health and wellbeing services for the people in their local area, and help people struggling with mental illness.

Personal: A personal strategy that individuals can use to promote their mental health and development, is to use a goal setting system to increase self- esteem. By setting a goal to get at least one thing done a day, then you can improve the control you have over your life, decreasing anxiety and promoting healthy behaviours rather than procrastination. The aim is to have no ‘zero days’ where you achieve nothing productive. Even if it is just writing a sentence of an essay, it is still more than no sentences.

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Description: Type 2 diabetes is a disease characterised by an inability of the body to utilise blood glucose for energy.

Biological: Being overweight can act as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes as it puts a strain on the pancreas which makes it hard for it to produce insulin to metabolise blood glucose. After a while, the insulin making cells in the pancreas become less efficient.

Behavioural: Being physically inactive acts a risk factor for type 2 diabetes as it can contribute to weight gain which can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Physical: If recreational facilities such as sporting ovals and walking paths aren't accessible it can act as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Adults may not be getting the healthy amount of physical activity which can increase body weight, leading to obesity ad type 2 diabetes.

Social: People with low income may be more likely to eat fatty foods that can increase the risk of obesity which can contribute to type 2 diabetes.

Government: Diabetes Australia is a government organisation that helps to promote the health and development of adults, as it provides information on healthy food an physical activity to reduce the chance of developing type 2 diabetes.

Community: A community strategy such as park runs help promote the health and development of adults as it reduces the chance of becoming overweight or obese, which may lead to type 2 diabetes. It helps adults participate in healthy amounts of physical activity, decreasing type 2 diabetes.

Personal: A personal strategy for helping the health and development of adults against type 2 diabetes, is making healthy food choices. This can decrease the chance of becoming overweight or obese, decreasing the risk of type 2 diabetes.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a disease that affects the heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease is when the heart has a problem pumping the blood to all the tissues in the body. This can be caused by either the heart or the blood vessels carrying the blood. If cells and tissues do not get enough blood, it will function incorrectly and may die. If blood vessels completely block, organs such as the brain or heart may result in permeant damage which could lead to death, Examples of CVD include hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and peripheral vascular disease.

Biological- genetic preposition: If a family member has suffered from cardiovascular disease in the past, it increases the risk of an individual having cardiovascular disease.

Behavioural- physical activity: If an individual lack in participation of physical activity, it will increase the chances of gaining weight. This causes a greater risk of cardiovascular disease.

Physical environment- Access to facilities- By having access to facilities such as walking tracks, parks, gyms etc. will increase the risk of participation of physical activity. This will decrease the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease.

Social- Income: If an adult has low income, they may not be able to afford food that is good in nutrition. Processed foods that are high in sugar and fat can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

STRATEGIES
Government:
A government strategies such as Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour will have a positive affect on an adult’s health and development. It will improve their physical health by regularly participating in exercise and decrease sedentary behaviour which can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. It will also have a positive effect on their emotional development as the individual may have more determination to become more active and have more awareness of looking after their cardiovascular system.

Community:
Community strategies such as The Heart Foundation Tick will have a positive affect on an adult’s health and development. It will have a positive impact on their intellectual development as they will be assisted on buying healthier food choices. It will have a positive impact on their physical health as will maintain a healthy weight. These impacts will lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Personal:
Personal strategies for adults such as keeping physically active will maintain their body weight, consuming healthy foods that are high in nutrients and energy will decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Description: Obesity is a common health issue for adults that relates to having excess body weight in the form of fat that can be harmful to health and development. Measured by mass index (BMI), by dividing a person’s weight by the square of the person’s height.

Determinants:

Biological –
Age can be a risk factor for obesity due to metabolism slowing down as you get older, becoming more difficult to maintain weight.

Behavioural –
Having poor dietary behaviours increases the risk of obesity. Consuming foods with large amounts of fat and not expending the energy, weight gain can occur.

Physical Environment –
If adults have limited access to recreational facilities, they don’t have the opportunity to participate in physical activity. This can increase body weight and contribute to obesity.

Social –
People who are active as part of their daily job expend more energy during the day, reducing the risk of developing excess body weight that contribute to obesity.

Government:
The Australian Dietary Guidelines
The Australian Dietary Guidelines have a positive effect on an adult’s health and development. These guidelines promote healthy eating among Australians. They provide information about the different food groups and the number of servings that should be consumed each day, reducing the risks of obesity.

Community:
The Heart Foundation Tick
The Heart Foundation has a positive impact on an adult’s health and development. It aims to assist people in purchasing healthier food products to help maintain a healthy weight, reducing the risk of obesity. The Tick logo on food packaging help adults to easily identify healthier alternatives.

Personal Strategies:
Personal strategies such as physical activity and dietary behaviours can reduce excess body weight, improving the individual’s health and development by reducing risks of obesity.

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Cancer is a disease characterised by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.  Millions of new cells are produced every second and replace those that have died or don’t function properly.  This ensures that all organs function normally, abnormal cells usually get destroyed by the immune system but in some cases the immune system fails to kill abnormal cells and they become a tumour, which if left untreated can allow cancerous cells to invade nearby tissue and prevent normal cells from functioning properly.

Biological/genetic predisposition:
Some people are more likely to develop cancer.  This is because their genetic predisposition has influenced certain cancers, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer.

Behavioural/tobacco smoking:
Tobacco smoke contains thousands of hazardous chemicals that have been known to cause cancer.  This can contribute to cancers such as, lung, mouth and oesophagus.

Physical environment/ access to healthcare:
Access to healthcare does not prevent cancer, however the rate of successfully treating cancer is higher if detected early.

Social determinants:
Education and income have an indirect connection to cancer. Lower levels of education relate to tobacco use, the importance of maintaining healthy body weight, consuming fruit and vegetables have a positive effect on not developing some cancers.

Strategies

Government:
A government strategy for cancer is the sun smart’s slip slop slap seek and slide campaign that promotes the use of sunscreen and being generally smart in the sun.  This positively affects an individual’s health and development because restricting exposure to UV which can cause skin cancer.

Community:
A community strategy for cancer is providing the community with shade and sunscreen in places like outdoor swimming pools, sporting grounds and the beach.  This positively affects an individual’s health and development because the community is offering protection against harmful UV that can cause skin cancer.

Personal:
A personal strategy for cancer is making sure that you put on sunscreen and protect yourself against UV exposure this promotes the health and human development of adults in that it limits their chances of developing skin cancer.

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Description: Cancer is a condition where cells in a specific part of the body grow and reproduce uncontrollably. The cancerous cells can invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue, including organs.

Biological: Individuals with a family history of cancer, such as prostate cancer, are more likely to suffer from it than others due to genetic predisposition.

Behavioural: Individuals who choose to not practice sun safety have an increased likelihood of developing skin cancer due to increased exposure to sunlight and UV radiation.

Physical Environment: Individuals who spend increased amounts of time outside as part of their job have an increased chance of developing skin cancer due to exposure to sunlight and UV radiation.

Social Determinants: Individuals who have a lower level of education are more likely to smoke tobacco smoke as they are unaware of the risks. Tobacco smoke can cause cancer in most parts of the body, especially the lungs, mouth and oesophagus.

Strategies

Government: A government strategy like the SunSmart organisation help to promote the health and development of Australians adults by using their slogan slip, slop, slap, seek and slide. This slogan is in place to actively encourage the use of sun protection such as applying sunscreen and wearing UV protective clothing while being exposed to sunlight. This reduces the chances of skin cancer, positively affecting health and development.

Community: A community strategy  to help promote the health and development of Australian adults could be to provide shade at areas such as swimming pools, beaches, sporting events and local parks. This can positively affect an adults health and development as it can reduce the risk of skin cancer.

Personal: A personal strategy to promote the health and development of Australian adults could be to make sure you apply sunscreen and wear UV protective clothing while outside to reduce exposure to UV sunlight. This can positively affect health and development as it reduces the risk of skin cancer.

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Description: Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. If abnormal cells are created, they are usually destroyed by the immune system, in some cases the immune system cannot kill them. As a result, they may grow and divide to form a cluster of abnormal cells called a tumor. The cells can divide quickly and move, which makes them a serious threat to normal cells.

Biological: Genetic predisposition acts a risk factor for cancer as some people are more likely to develop cancer than others. The genetic influence seems to be particularly important for certain cancers, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer.

Behavioural: Tobacco smoke acts a risk factor for cancer as tobacco contains thousands of chemicals and many have been shown to cause cancer. Tobacco smoking can contribute to cancer in most parts of the body such as lung and mouth.

Physical Environment: Workplace safety can act as a risk factor for cancer as individuals who spend a long time outdoors as a part of their job may have increased exposure to UV radiation and have an increased risk of skin cancer. Hazardous substances in the workplace can also increase the risk of cancers such as lung cancers.

Social Determinant: Low income can act as a risk factor for the onset of cancers as families may not be able to afford nutritious food and may rely on processed foods, that are high in fat. This can increase body weight and the risk of developing breast and colorectal cancer.

Personal Strategies:

Personal strategies such as making sure you apply sunscreen when outside to keep you safe against UV exposure, this promotes the health and development of adults as it is limiting the risk of developing skin cancer.

Government:
A government organisation such as Sun Smart gives slip slop slap seek and slide that helps to promote the health and development of an adult. It gives information on ways to protect yourself from UV radiation when outside in the sun, and helps limit the risk of skin cancer.

Community:
A community strategy for cancer is providing shade and sunscreen within the community at places such as swimming pools, sporting grounds and events, and also at the beach. Having this within the community positively affects an adults health and development as the community is offering protection for adults against UV radiation, that may lead to skin cancer.

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Description:

Obesity relates to having excess body weight in the form of fat that can be harmful to health. In adults, obesity is measured using waist circumference or the body mass index. A waist circumference of over 89cm for females and 102cm for males is classified as obese and increases the risk of health concerns like cardiovascular disease.

Determinants

Biological:

Age can act as a risk factor for obesity. As metabolism slows down with age, it can become more difficult to maintain weight and  can be harmful to the physical health of adults as they lose the ability to participate in physical activities.

Behavioural:

Poor dietary choices can act as a risk factor for obesity. If an adult is not consuming the right amount of nutrients they may not have the required energy levels to participate in physical activity which may lead to obesity.

Social:

Education can act as a protective factor into obesity. Learning the benefits and the correct nutritional value of food can positively lead into living a healthier lifestyle and aid in the prevention of obesity.

Physical environment:

Access to recreation facilities can act as a risk factor for obesity. If adults do not have the access to facilities that provide things like cycling and walking spots they may not have opportunities for maintain a healthy lifestyle. This can increase the risk of obesity.

Personal Strategies:

·        Limiting unhealthy foods and beverages like soft drink and fattening foods.

·        Increasing physical activity

·        Improving sleep and reducing stress

Government:

The Australian Dietary Guidelines are to assist adults in consuming a healthy diet and reduce the risk of the burden of disease associated with cardiovascular disease, obesity, some cancer and type 2 diabetes.

They include information relating to food choices and serve numbers that should be consumed daily that aid in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle free from obesity. An example of a guideline is “to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs.

Community:

The heart foundation tick is a community strategy that aims to reduce the number and prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Food companies apply the tick logo on their food products if they can show that their item is a heathier alternative than other similar items making it easier for people to choose healthier options. This can lead to adults being able to improve their physical health as they are able to maintain a healthy body weight and make adults be able to consume a balanced food intake.

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Description:  People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over30 kg/m², with the range25–30 kg/m² defined as overweight.

Biological: Having parents who are overweight or obese can influence their child's eating habits. This can cause the child to be overweight or obese also.

Behavioral: Alcohol consumption- Alcohol contains kilo joules and therefore energy, which means it can increase the chances of an individual gaining weight

Physical Environment: Access to recreational facilities- If individuals do not have access to recreation facilities such as cycling and walking paths, they may not have the same opportunities for physical activity as others. This can increase body weight and contribute to obesity.

Social: People who can not afford access to healthy foods may have to rely on processed foods and fast food and this can contribute to gaining weight and obesity.

Government Strategy: A Government Strategy

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Description:
Dementia is an umbrella term that describes over 100 conditions that are characterised by progressive and irreversible loss of brain function. Dementia interferes with language, memory, perception, personality and cognitive skills.

Biological:
Biological determinants such as age can increase the risk of dementia, as the individual begins to age, the brain begins to deteriorate therefore the brain loses function capability causing dementia which interferes with memory.

Behavioural:
Behavioural determinants such as physical inactivity can lead to high blood pressure, which causes someone to take medication. Having dementia can negatively impact someone with high blood pressure as the individual may regularly forget to take their medication leading to severe chronic conditions in the long term.

Physical environment:
Having Dementia can impact the physical environment, such as work environment, as the individual is likely to suffer from memory loss and therefore is more likely going to forget to complete required tasks on time.

Social determinants:
Having Dementia can impact the social determinants such as social exclusion, as the individual is likely to suffer from memory loss and therefore won’t remember loved ones. Not being included in social gatherings can lead to the individual forgetting their belonging and friendships.

Personal strategies:
Personal strategies such as downloading and using the ‘your brain matters’ app. The app provides five simple steps that individuals living with dementia should follow. This promotes physical health as it states to remain a healthy brain you must be physically active and follow a healthy diet preventing the risk of dementia. The program also promotes intellectual development as step three states that you should mentally challenge your brain, therefore extending your knowledge and strengthening your brain function capability.

Government:
The National Dementia Support program is a government funded program that provides education programs, services and resources that aim to improve awareness and understanding about dementia and increases the skills and confidence of people living with dementia, their careers, families etc. This program promotes social development of those living with dementia as their families and careers are likely to be confident with the condition and are likely to develop former relationships with former relationships with health professionals. This program also promotes physical health as the carers and families are aware of the condition therefore are likely to remind them to do common things such as taking their medication reducing the risk of respiratory diseases such as strokes.

Community:
Community services such as the Western District Health Services provide dementia workshops and brochures promoting the risk associated with dementia. This program promotes mental health of an individual as the workshop teaches careers and families the ability to cope and support the changes in behaviour of an individual suffering with dementia. This program also promotes intellectual development of an individual as both the workshops and brochures educate both the people living with dementia and their families on the risk associated with the condition. Therefore, widening their knowledge and understanding of the condition therefore can reduce the risk of developing dementia in the long term.

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Biological: People with family history of breast cancer and prostate cancer are at higher risk of also getting it due to genetic predisposition.

Behavioural: Choosing to smoke tobacco acts as a risk factor for developing lung and mouth cancer.

Physical environment: Tradesmen that are working outdoors are at higher risks of getting skin cancer due to high UV exposure.

Social determinants: People who have had lower education are more likely to smoke tobacco, putting them at higher risk of getting lung cancer.

STRATEGIES

GOVERNMENT

A government strategy such as the SunSmart organisation have the slip, slop, slap, seek and slide slogan to promote the use of sunscreen and wearing UV protective clothes when outside. This may positively effect physical health because it provides protection from UV exposure which will prevent skin cancer.

Having skin cancer may negatively affect your social development because if you friends like outdoor activities you are less likely to go on these social trips. Not spending time with peers will lower your communication skills.

COMMUNITY

A community strategy such as Swimming pools providing sunscreen positively effects physical health because it increases the chance of you putting it on which lowers the chance of you getting skin cancer.

Having skin cancer may negatively affect your social development because if your friends like swimming for fun or competition your less likely to join meaning you will be spending less time with them which will lower your communication skills.

PERSONAL

A Personal strategy such as applying sun screen, wearing hats and sunglasses positively affects your physical health because it lowers the chances of melanomas developing.

A personal strategy such as applying sun screen positively affects your social development because if your friends like recreational outside activities you're more likely to participate knowing your safe from the sun preventing skin cancer. If you are spending time with peers you will be improving your communication skills.