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The purpose of the lymphatic system is to rid the body of poisons and toxins. It sends lymph throughout the body which fight disease by using white blood cells.

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The system is located all throughout the body because it cleanses all of the body, however they tend to stay deep or close to the surface and don’t go much lower than the knees.

Lymph Nodes: These are sights (sacks) where lymph can be filtered and they are located throughout the body, specifically in the neck, groin, and armpits.

Cervical

Axillary

Inguinal

Lymphatics - Lymphatic vessels can be thought of like veins which carry lymph. Lymph is a water like substance which only goes one way through the body. It goes to the neck and back into the circulatory system. It is plasma that has finished bringing nutrients to other parts if the body that comes out and doesn't return to the blood. This is what carries the white blood cells all throughout the body to fight  infection.

Internal jugular vein

Thoracic duct - This vessel is the primary one of the system and is located in the anterior area of the spine and ending below the neck. It function is to drain lymph from the system.

Aorta - This is one of the main arteries which pumps blood into the heart. It has a large tube-like structure.

Spleen - The spleen is a hard bean like structure which is located on the left of the body above the kidney. It filters the blood keeping count of the red blood cells and it also fights infection. It’s not a necessary organ to live, yet very useful in causing less disease.

Cisterna chyli - This is a sack below the thoracic duct where lymph can go through.

Tonsils -  The tonsils are simply made up of lymphatic cells located in the pharynx. It is like the “first line of defense” for bacteria that goes through the mouth or nose.

Adenoids - These are little sacks found on the soft palate in the back of the mouth. White blood cells are produced here allowing for the body to fight infection.

Thymus - The thymus is above the heart and it stores specialized white blood cells allowing them to become T cells and fight cancer or infected cells.

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The purpose of the urinary system is to remove wastes and poisons from the bloodstream and body and excrete it out of the body. It is like a filtration system. The Kidneys also do other things such as regulate blood pressure, allow for the production of red blood cells in bone marrow, and convert Vitamin D to its active form.

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Kidneys - The kidneys are located in the lower part of the rib cage (dorsal area) next to the liver (one on the left and right). The kidney’s structure is about 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 in thick. The kidneys are shaped like beans and their function is to clean impurities out of the fluids in the body.

Urinary bladder - The bladder is inferior to the uterus and is essentially a sack which hold urine waiting to be excreted from the body.

Urethra - This is a tube like structure which allows urine to be excreted from the bladder and out of the body. It runs from the inferior region of the bladder and to the groin.

Ureters - Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureters branch out from the middle of the kidney allowing the fluids to be filtered and then either go back into the body systems or taken to the bladder.

Rectum - This is where the bowels deposit waste and it can be excreted out of the body. It is located on the posterior side of the urethra.

Lliac crest - This is the upper part of the pelvic bone and holds and protects the organs of the urinary system (and other systems). It has a crest like shape as said in the name.

Aorta - This is one of the main arteries which pumps blood into the heart. It has a large tube-like structure.

Adrenal gland - An adrenal gland is above each kidney and takes on a pyramid structure. These help regulate blood sugar.

Inferior vena cava - This is also an artery from which blood exits the heart and goes into the body. It is large and tube-like.

Hepatic veins - These are vessels which transport filtered blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava.

Renal (Artery, hilum, vein) - These tube-like vessels carry unfiltered (oxygenated blood) to the liver.

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The purpose of the endocrine system is to control hormones. These hormones affect metabolism, growth rate and how one develops, tissue and sexual function, sleep and mood, etc...

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*Pituitary gland

*Pineal gland

*Hypothalamus - *The pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland are located in the midbrain.Their function is to produce hormones. The pineal gland is a small gland hanging off the end of the thalamus, the hypothalamus is a round structure in the thalamus, and the  Pituitary gland is like that as well.

Thyroid gland - The thyroid and parathyroid are abnormally shaped hard structures located next to the throat. Their function is to convert iodine (from food) to hormones.

Parathyroid glands

Adrenal glands - Adrenal glands are shaped like pyramids and produce vital hormones (sex and cortisol). They are each on top of the kidneys.

Pancreas - The pancreas produces hormones involved in digestion. The organ itself is shaped like a thick long sack. It is located between the kidneys while the adrenal glands and is key in regulating blood sugar.

Thymus - The thymus which holds tissues and produces hormones. Its located near the sternum and has an abnormal structure (like a square with two peaks on top).

Ovaries (Female) - The ovaries of a female are located above the bladder in the lower abdomen and has a T shape. This organ holds the eggs (sex cells) and also allows for procreation (pregnancy and birth).

Testicles (Male) - The testes in the male hold the sperm (sex cells) which are also necessary for procreation.

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The lymphatic system relates to the digestive system in that lymph excretes the body through bowels. This allows from our body to rid itself of poison and other harmful toxins. It is also related to the circulatory system in how lymph runs through the body like blood. Lymph is also a product of blood.

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The cardiovascular system affects it in that the kidneys require a steady blood supply. The arteries (inferior vena cava and renal artery) and veins (renal veins)  which feed the urinary system are affected by this as well. They are what distribute oxygen to the organs. The immune system of course affects the urinary system due to its job to prevent and stop disease. In men, if the prostate becomes to large it can choke the bladder which is where the endocrine system affects it. If issues occur with the immune system or endocrine system it can cause symptoms in the urinary system such as frequent urination or a burning sensation.

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The Nervous system relates to the endocrine system in that hormones produced by the endocrine system affect nerve development.and the nervous system as a whole. It also allows the body to react to certain situations. Another system that relates is the endocrine system is the digestive system. Insulin is produced by the pancreas. This is important for keeping the sugar in ones body balanced. Hormones produced by the endocrine system travel through the circulatory system as well.

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The frog is similar in that it has lymph which is from the blood and flow through the body. The frog has lymph spaces, particularly on the ventral, lateral, and dorsal sides. They have many of the same organs as humans such as a thymus and spleen. They refer to the different sections as sinuses.

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Frogs contain many of the same organs as humans including the bladder, ureter, and kidneys. The cloaca however excretes the urine instead of a urethra like humans have. The location of the organs is the same however and the bladder becomes deflated when not filled.

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Similar to humans, the endocrine system in frogs produces hormones to regulate different aspects of their bodies. They also carry many of the same organs. The only differences is in how the sex hormones are released. Females release eggs and then the males fertilize them externally whereas with humans, fertilization is internal.

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Lymphoma is where the lymph nodes become cancerous. The lymphocytes continue to grow rapidly and do not stop. Surgery can remove it but that can cause other issues such as lymphedema or swelling in the heart because the lymph goes back to the heart. Surgery is improving however preventing things like this from occurring.

Another disease is Castleman disease which is an inflammatory disorder which cause the lymph nodes to grow. It is not cancer but is is treated like cancer most of the time. If is not treated a multiple organ dysfunction can result.

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A common urinary disease is a urinary tract infection (aka UTI). It can affect every organ that is a part of the system but it most commonly occurs in the urethra or bladder. Women are more likely to get it than men. It is only harmful if it reaches the kidneys but still painful when elsewhere. The symptom include feeling the need to urinate frequently, burning, varying colored or textured urine, and pain in the pelvis. It begins after bacteria gets into the system and begins to thrive there.

Another urinary system disease is pyelonephritis where the kidneys become infected and swell. It is a life threatening disease. Some of the symptoms include a high fever, abdominal or back pain, burning and varying colored urine, and pus and/or blood in the urine as well as a fish smell. It usually occurs in older individuals, but can also affect those with issues of the other systems that affect the urinary system. It is simply when the kidneys become infected.

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Diabetes is a common medical issue especially in the U.S.. There are multiple categories within diabetes, and one of the more rare ones is Type 1 Diabetes. This has to do with the body lacking in insulin. If the amount of insulin is insufficient to regulate the sugar in the body, the levels of glucose will turn abnormal and can have frightening consequences. Some signs of the disease are fatigue, abdominal pain, increased thirst and appetite, headaches, etc… To treat it, insulin shots are applied daily as well as frequently surveying blood sugar levels.

Another disorder involved with the endocrine system is menopause. This is when a female stops producing eggs and usually occurs around age 50. Aside from aging, other causes include chemotherapy, or having one's ovaries removed. A women’s levels of estrogen lessen as well and their bone’s can even thin. Treatments include getting enough sleep, lubricating during sex, dressing in lightweight clothing, and taking supplements. The condition is unavoidable, yet manageable.

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Classroom Textbook

John, D. T. (2017, August 14). What Other Systems Affect the Urinary System? Retrieved from https://www.livestrong.com/article/173784-what-other-systems-affect-the-urinary-system/

Urinary tract infection (UTI). (2017, August 25). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353447

Pyelonephritis: Definition and Patient Education. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/pyelonephritis

Quinlan, S. (2017, November 21). Anatomy of the Internal Organs of a Frog. Retrieved from http://animals.mom.me/anatomy-internal-organs-frog-1114.html

Zimmermann, K. A. (2018, February 20). Lymphatic System: Facts, Functions & Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/26983-lymphatic-system.html

Lymphatic System of Frog (With Diagram) | Vertebrates | Chordata | Zoology. (2017, July 14). Retrieved from http://www.notesonzoology.com/frog/lymphatic-system-of-frog-with-diagram-vertebrates-chordata-zoology/8151

Zimmermann, Kim Ann. (2018, February 15). Endocrine System: Facts, Functions, and Diseases. Livescience. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/26496-endocrine-system.html

How the Endocrine System Functions With Other Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://endocrinesystems.weebly.com/how-the-endocrine-system-functions-with-other-systems.html

Conditions. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions

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As seen, the lymphatic system looks very similar to the circulatory system. Instead of blood vessels and blood however, lymphatic vessels carry lymph throughout the body.

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The urinary system remains in the thoracic cavity and lover abdomen as seen, and many organs play a part in this system

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The endocrine system is interesting because it also connects to the brain and uses many organs throughout the body.